The Venturia Apple Pathosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses

Venturia inaequalis is the causal agent of apple scab, a devastating disease of apple. We outline several unique features of this pathogen which are useful for molecular genetics studies intended to understand plant-pathogen interactions. The pathogenicity mechanisms of the pathogen and overview of apple defense responses, monogenic and polygenic resistance, and their utilization in scab resistance breeding programs are also reviewed

Green Synthesis of Silver Atropa Acuminata Nanoparticles: Characterization and Anti-Diabetic Potential

  Background: Atropa acuminata plant, which is also known as the maitbrand or Indian belladonna, belongs to the family Solanaceae and is closely related to the deadly nightshade of Europe and North Africa used in the treatment of various diseases. Objectives: The main objective is to investigate the antidiabetic potential of silver nanoparticles of Atropa acuminata. Methods: In this study green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out. The current study engross the green synthesis of A. acuminata roots by reducing silver ions, where ultraviolet (UV) spectral analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed nanoarchitecture. The optimized silver nanoparticles were characterized for shape, size and morphological features by various techniques viz., SEM, TEM EDXA and XRD. The optimized formulation was further subjected for lipid peroxidation assay and in vitro antidiabetic assay in order to understand the antidiabetic potential of formulated silver nanoparticles. Results: The Silver nanoparticles of Atropa acuminata roots was successfully prepared by optimizing different concentration of plant extract at different temperatures and stirring speed. The Resultant optimized nanoparticles showed a particle size around 20 nm and -28 mv zeta potential. Further the characterization of optimized AgNPs was carried out. SEM provides the shape, size, and morphological features, whereas EDXA confirms the compositions and distribution of nanoparticles through spectrum and elemental mapping. XRD diffraction analysis revealed the crystalline structure of nanoparticles. Further, Nanoparticles showed a maximum scavenging potential of 82.633±0.116 for superoxide anion free radicals at 100 µg/mL concentration. Among two anti- diabetic assays, the αamylase assay shows a better result of percent inhibition 63 ± 1.32 at 75 μg/ml concentrations. Lastly, in vitro, drug release study revealed a 101.50% cumulative release from Ag- NPs formulation up to 1 hour, which was better than the standard one. Conclusion: This study explores the novel technology of green synthesis for various biomedical applications

Comparative analysis of life tables of Bactrocera tau (Diptera: Tephritidae) collected from different geographical regions of North India

The tomato fruitfly, Bactrocera tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most important pests of the family Cucurbitaceae. Toinvestigate local adaptation, we measured the variations in life-histories and life-table parameters among populations from five different geographical regions of North India, Ludhiana (262 mt amsl), Solan (1,502 mt amsl), Hisar (215 mt amsl), Pantnagar (344 mt amsl) and Jaach (733 mt amsl). The principal components analysis showed the life-history and life-table parameters of B. tau differed among the five geographical populations. The highest fecundity of 233.20 eggs/female was recorded in the Jaach population and was statistically at par with Hisar (209.21 eggs/female) followed by Solan (202.60 eggs/female), Pantnagar (178.60 eggs/female) and Ludhiana population (105.88 eggs/female). The total developmental period among the five populations of B. tau was the longest for the Pantnagar population (16.20 days) followed by Solan (13.90 days), Hisar (12.60 days), Ludhiana (12.30 days) and Jaach (11.60 days). The true intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.120, 0.138, 0.140, 0.116 and 0.153 for the respective geographical regions while the finite rate of increase (?) was 1.13, 1.15, 1.15, 1.12 and 1.16, thus indicating that the fruit fly from Jaach location is more reproductive than the other five geographical regions of North India. Since the study will be useful in knowing the multiplication rate of fruit fly in specific area, accordingly the management practices for this species can be formulated on the bases of these studies. The results thus indicated the geographical variations among different populations of B. tau

Study of Image Fusion Using Discrete Wavelet and Multiwavelet Transform with MATLAB Simulink

Image processing is the field of vision based technology and visual information more impactful from other information. In this field image fusion takes its spatial space in this field. Image fusion is the technique in which we combine the two images for their information. The new image contains more information over the single image, this image more useful for the study of image about their pixel level, objects in the image for example, medical image, a satellite image, cc-TV image, capture image click by user etc

Open reduction and internal fixation of fracture femur in a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis utilizing continuous caudal epidural anaesthesia

We describe a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis scheduled to undergo open reduction and internal fixation. We emphasise on alternative anaesthetic management in view of non-availability of fiberoptic bronchoscope and unwillingness of patient to go to higher centre. Regional (continuous caudal epidural) anesthesia has been used as technique of choice

Giant fibroepithelial polyp of vulva with fibroid uterus with primary lymphedema (Meige disease/lymphedema praecox): a rare case report

Fibroepithelial polyps or FSPs develop in the reproductive years of young to middle-aged women. They primarily affect the vagina, and their occurrence in the vulva is less common. Giant FSP are very rare. We present a case of a patient with giant FSP of the vulva with unilateral lymphedema. A forty year old patient presented with history of mild, dull, aching, continuous pain in lower abdomen. After her first delivery, she had developed pruritis over vulva followed by appearance of a growth. A non-tender, mobile warty growth was found on the examination of vulva, and it involved the mons pubis, clitoris and left labia minora and major. Dermatological consultation made a preliminary diagnosis of nevoid growth vulva. Operative findings from exploratory laparotomy confirmed that uterus had enlarged to 28 weeks size. The diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyp was confirmed by histopathological examination. A common pathogenetic background of lymphedematous FSPs is persistent lymph stasis, along with consequent injury of microcirculation and stromal hyperplasia. The role of hormonal factors in the development of these lesions in also supported by the Estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity. The association of FSPs with unilateral lymphedema, as in our patient, is very rare. This case provides some evidence that chronic lymph stasis can lead to microcirculation injury which further lead to stromal hyperplasia

Comparative study of effectiveness of Papanicolaou smear and visual inspection using acetic acid and visual inspection using Lugol’s iodine for screening of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix

Background: In developing and resource-limited countries alternative screening methods like VIA, VILI, and Pap smear are used in detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacies of VIA, VILI, and Pap smear in detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix.Methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh. Women who attended the outdoor patient department of obstetrics and gynecology were subjected to collection of Pap Smear, VIA followed by VILI and a thorough pelvic examination.Results: Among the 350 women studied, 59 women (16.9%) had abnormal VIA, 64 women (18.2%) had abnormal VILI. On pap smear, 10 women were reported as ASCUS, 11 as L-SIL and 1 as H-SIL. Cervical biopsy was done in 98 women, out of which 70 had one or more abnormality on VIA, VILI, or Pap, and 28 women who had normal results. Sixteen women (16.3%) reported as CIN-1 and 2 women (2.07%) as CIN-3. VIA and VILI had a higher sensitivity as compared to pap. However, pap was more specific. The PPV of pap was also much higher as compared to VIA and VILI, whereas there was no difference in NPV of the three.Conclusions: Authors observed that VIA presented the best sensitivity (88.8%), followed by VILI (83.3%), and Pap (72.2%). Pap smear had the highest specificity of 97.2%. The positive predictive value of Pap was higher as compared to VIA and VILI, whereas there was no difference in NPV of the three. VIA and VILI have good sensitivity, with reasonable specificity and because of their cost effectiveness and ease of availability, these can be an alternative screening modality for cervical cancer screening

Iso-conversional study of crystallization activation energy of amorphous-crystallization transformation for Se79Te20Pb1 glass using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry technique

135-140The ternary Se79Te20Pb1 chalcogenide glass is prepared using melt quenching technique. Differential scanning calorimetry technique (DSC) is used to investigate the kinetics of crystallization of amorphous-crystallization (a-c) phase transformation under non-isothermal conditions at three different heating rates; 5, 10 and 15° C min-1. The variation of crystallized activation energy (Ec) with crystallized fraction (ϰ) and hence, with temperature (T) is investigated using five iso-conversional methods namely KAS, OFW, Friedman, Tang and Chen and Starink. It is found that Ec is not constant but vary with ϰ as well as T. Thus, the iso-conversional analysis of investigated glass indicates that the assumption of constant Ec is not appropriate

Extracting Reviews of Mobile Applications from Google Play Store

Nowadays, there are huge numbers of mobile applications coming in the market. Many of these applications provide similar functionality and are available from different unknown vendors. Users are not aware about the risks and malfunctions related to the applications and hence end up downloading an inappropriate application. Thus classification of the applications has become an important aspect. This classification can be done with the help of extracting some data and doing analysis on that data. Nowadays reviews have become an asset for decision making purpose for the users using these mobile applications. Thus classification of the application can be done on the basis of analysis of the reviews. In this paper we are extracting the reviews for various mobile applications using crawling and scraping process and also the use of Json and Jsoup has been discussed

An illustration of delays in Mucormycosis: A case Study

Background: Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection with a high fatality rate and is the third most common fungal infection that is invasive in nature, next to candidiasis and aspergillosis. It is attributed to the poor socio-economic status and triggered by the local trauma due to unhygienic setup or poor health care. The pathway of pathogenesis is not clearly understood in immunocompetent patients and therefore becomes a matter of great concern.Aim& Objective: To explore the pathway of  mucormycosis in a case of post SARS-CoV-2 infection Settings and Design: Tertiary Care hospital of Jabalpur DistrictMethods and Material: Interview with the case and care taker and case file review.Results: We could conclude this as a case of rhino- orbital mucormycosis attributed to uncontrolled blood sugar during treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection,  three delays that have occurred during the disease progression like ignorance from health service provider, late diagnosis, non compliance to the advice given by health facility,  poor oral and nasal hygiene and no use of distilled water in humidifier. Conclusions: The early diagnosis, prompt Treatment , surgical intervention , proper blood sugar monitoring and rational use of steroids are important steps of successful outcome of the disease