N2 Gas Flushing Limits the Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Bovine Raw Milk during Cold Storage

Antibiotic resistance has been noted to be a major and increasing human health issue. Cold storage of raw milk promotes the thriving of psychrotrophic/psychrotolerant bacteria, which are well known for their ability to produce enzymes that are frequently heat stable. However, these bacteria also carry antibiotic resistance (AR) features. In places, where no cold chain facilities are available and despite existing recommendations numerous adulterants, including antibiotics, are added to raw milk. Previously, N-2 gas flushing showed real potential for hindering bacterial growth in raw milk at a storage temperature ranging from 6 to 25 degrees C. Here, the ability of N-2 gas (N) to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria was tested and compared to that of the activated lactoperoxidase system (HT) for three raw milk samples that were stored at 6 degrees C for 7 days. To that end, the mesophiles and psychrotrophs that were resistant to gentamycin (G), ceftazidime (Ce), levofloxacin (L), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS) were enumerated. For the log(10) ratio (which is defined as the bacterial counts from a certain condition divided by the counts on the corresponding control), classical Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by a mean comparison with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range test (REGWQ). If the storage "time" factor was the major determinant of the recorded effects, cold storage alone or in combination with HT or with N promoted a sample-dependent response in consideration of the AR levels. The efficiency of N in limiting the increase in AR was highest for fresh raw milk and was judged to be equivalent to that of HT for one sample and superior to that of HT for the two other samples; moreover, compared to HT, N seemed to favor a more diverse community at 6 degrees C that was less heavily loaded with antibiotic multi-resistance features. Our results imply that N-2 gas flushing could strengthen cold storage of raw milk by tackling the bacterial spoilage potential while simultaneously hindering the increase of bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance/multi-resistance features.Peer reviewe

TETRA PAK REALIZO LANZAMIENTO DEL NUEVO PRODUCTO

DIRECTIVOS DE TETRA PAK DAN A CONOCER A LA CIUDADANIA EL NUEVO PRODUCTO LLAMADO NUTRI ZO

The Perception of Changes in a Producing Co-operative due to

This paper analyzes the strategic alliance between Swine Raisers Co-operative from Encantado- RS (Cosuel) and Tetra Pak (the processing unit of sterilized box milk (Longa Vida Milk). As academic interesting topics, the following issues were studied: the environment before, during and after the alliance, taking as theoretical base the work of Yoshino and Rangan (1996); the perception of the managers and associates regarding the changes which occurred in the co-operative taking as theoretical base the works of Mintsberg, Ahlstrand & Lampel (2000) and, additionally, a double complexity model was applied, taking as theoretical base the works of Pedrozo (1995). Also was explored the cultural change which took place in the co-operative as a whole (rural property, industry and the final consumer), and made it possible for Cosuel to develop competitive actions with limited financial aid and action