Паладијум на угљенику у peg-400/циклохексану: каталитички систем kojи се може рециклирати и поново употребити за ефикасно декарбониловање алдехида

A simple methodology for the decarbonylation of aldehydes catalysed by commercially available palladium on carbon in a green two-solvent system is reported. Various aromatic, aliphatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes were transformed to the corresponding decarbonylated products in good yields. Product isolation from the reaction mixture is simple in practice, and the catalyst can be reused three times.Развијена је једноставна метода за декарбониловање алдехида користећи комерцијално доступни паладијум на угљенику уз употребу зелених растварача. Различити ароматични, алифатични и хетероароматични алдехиди могу се трансформисати у декарбониловане производе у добром приносу и без настајања споредних производа. Производи се једноставно изолоју из реакционе смеше, а исти катализатор се може употребити још три пута без значајног смањења приноса

Diaminoalkyladamantane derivatives with substituted quinolines as inhibitors of parasite Plasmodium falciparum and botulinum neurotoxin

Rezime: Malarija je jedna od najrasprostranjenijih bolesti, koja preti približno polovini svetske populacije i koja je u zemljama u razvoju glavni uzrok smrtnosti dece uzrasta do 5 godina. Nagli razvoj rezistentnih formi parazita na postojeće antimalarike stvara potrebu za razvojem novih lekova. Jedna od strategija za razvoj novih lekova, kojom se smanjuju troškovi i skraćuje vreme potrebno za pronalazak novih aktivnih supstanci je hemijska modifikacaja postojećih hinolinskih antimalarika poznatog mehanizma dejstva. U okviru ove doktorske teze izvršena je sinteza serije aminohinolinskih derivata kod koje su adamantanski fragmenti preko amido-aminskih i diaminskih premostnih nizova povezani sa različito supstituisanim hinolinskim jezgrima. Određena je antimalarijska aktivnost svih sintetisanih jedinjenja. Rezultati bioloških testova potvrdili su antimalarijsku aktivnost, a dodatno je utvrđena i inhibitorna aktivnost pojedinih derivata prema botulinum neurotoksinu tipa A (BoNT/A LC). Botulinum neurotoksini (BoNTs) sa letalnom dozom (LC50) od 1-5 ng/kg telesne težine su najsmrtonosniji otrovi poznati čoveku. Zbog svoje velike toksičnosti, lakoće proizvodnje i transporta svrstavaju se od Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti SAD u A kategoriju agenasa sa najvećim rizikom za korišćenje u bioterorizmu. Nepostojanje odobrenog farmakološkog pristupa za tretman intoksikacije, stvara veliku potrebu za razvojem inhibitora BoNT. U toku rada dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: (i) Sintetisano je osam amido-adamantanskih aminohinolina (99a-d i 100a-d). Svi sintetisani amidni derivati poseduju nedovoljno dobru in vitro antimalarijsku aktivnost (IC50 = 6 - 1400 nM). Na osnovu indeksa rezistencije (IR) uočena je viša aktivnost amido-adamantanskih aminohinolina prema CQS soju (D6) u poređenju sa CQR (W2) i multirezistentnim (TM91C235) sojem. Najaktivnije jedinjenje iz ove serije pokazuje in vitro aktivnost prema CQS soju D6, 100a: IC90(D6) = 157 nM osam puta nižu od aktivnosti CQ (IC90(D6) = 20 nM)...Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases which threatens half the world's population and remains a major cause of mortality among children aged < 5 years in developing countries. The wide-spread resistance of various strains to current antimalarials potentiates the need for development of new drugs. One of the strategies for the development of new therapeutics, that reduces costs and shortens the time needed for the discovery of new active substances, is chemical modification of quinoline-based drugs with known mechanism of action. Antimalarial and BoNT/ LC inhibitory activities of variously substituted 4- aminoquinolines coupled to adamantane carrier were described within this PhD thesis. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent of known toxins (LC50 = 1- 5 ng/kg). Due to ease of production, spreading and lethality BoNTs are listed as category A biothreat agens by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The absence of an approved pharmacological approach for the treatment of intoxication, creates an urgent need to develop inhibitors BoNT. The results are summarized as follows: (i) Eight derivatives with an amide functionality linking the 4,7-ACQ moiety to adamantane (99a-d and 100a-d) were synthesized. All synthesized compounds are poorly active (IC50 = 6 - 1400 nM). Analysis of the resistance index (RI) showed that compounds are more active against D6 strain than against the CQ-resistant W2 and multidrug resistant TM91C235 strain. The most active amide within the series is eight times less active (100a: IC90 (D6) = 157 nM) against the CQ- sensitive D6 strain than CQ (IC90 (D6) = 20 nM). (ii) The series of ten aminoquinoline derivatives in which the adamantane fragment is connected to quinoline core through unbranched diamine linker was synthesized (106a-d, 106i, 107a-107i and 107i). Eight out of ten synthetic derivatives exhibited better IC90 activity against CQ-sensitive D6 strain compared to CQ (1), seven are more potent against multi-resistant C235 strain and one against MFQ-sensitive W2... strain than MFQ (14)

INTER-ETHNIC MARRIAGES AMONG ANTAGONISTIC NATIONS: POSITIVE MEDIA DISCOURSE ABOUT ALBANIAN WOMEN AND SERBIAN MEN

This is a study about inter-ethnic marriages between the members of two antagonistic nations in the Western Balkans: Serbian and Albanian. The first part of the paper describes the geographical and socio-cultural framework of the research, along with presenting key historical factors that have contributed to the long-lasting antagonism between the above-mentioned ethnic groups. The second part of the paper is an analysis of media coverage of inter-ethnic marriages between Serbian men and Albanian women. By depicting the socio-cultural context in which these "ordinary" people have founded their marriages, some gender-related issues were opened and the binding of various historical, cultural, and demographic factors that are reflected in the lives of the “invisible” Albanian women in Serbia was shown. Their “invisibility” and marginalization have been deepened by the absence of their administrative status in Serbia, the absence of the right to healthcare, social protection, and the complete economic dependence on a man/husband. As a result of this, the marginalization, invisibility, and submission of these women to the will of their husbands is another example of the reproduction of strong patriarchy in the Western Balkans in the 21st century

Community role in heritage management and sustainable tourism development: Case study of the Danube region in Serbia

Destinations and cultural resources that are used and respected by both residents and tourists are the ultimate goal of sustainable tourism development. Sustainable tourism as an emerging paradigm seems to enhance the existing conceptual frameworks on tourism planning and development by making the residents its focal point. In that sense, opinions, and attitudes of residents on the protection of cultural heritage and the possibilities of tourism development in their environment are very important. The Danube region in Serbia is recognized as a region of high-quality natural characteristics and cultural resources which gives an outstanding opportunity for tourism development. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the heritage management in the Danube region in Serbia and to outline the tourism development potentials of the area. The objective of the study is to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were a public opinion survey, a focus group interview of 12 experts and the evaluation of the sustainable cultural tourism development indicators. The results have shown that local population in the Danube region in Serbia has, in general, a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm when it comes to tourism development, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development.Special Issue: Public Administration and Society: Development, Community and Organizatio

Neonataly applied SRIH-14 has immediate and prolonged inhibitory effect on pituitary GH cells

The immediate and prolonged effects of neonatal SRIH-14 treatment on pituitary somatotrophs (GH) were investigated. Female rats were injected s.c. twice a day with 20 _g of SRIH-14/100g b.w., for five consecutive days (from 3rd to 7th day of life). Animals were sacrificed at different life periods: at neonatal (8th day), juvenile (16th day), peripubertal (38th day) and adult (80th day) period of life. GH cells were studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure. Morphometry and stereology were used to evaluate changes in the number of GH-immunoreactive cells per unit area, their volume and volume density. After SRIH-14 treatment, the most prominent decrease of all measured parameters was observed in the neonatal period. SRIH-14 induced a significant decrease of GH cell volumes and volume densities in the juvenile, peripubertal and adult periods of life. The number of GH-positive cells was significantly decreased when examined immediately after treatment, but significantly increased in adult females. Body weight, absolute or relative pituitary weights were not affected in any of the examined age groups. These findings suggest that neonatal SRIH-14 treatment exerts a significant immediate and prolonged inhibitory effect on GH cells, but does not affect the growth rate in female rats.Ispitivan je neposredan i odložen efekat neonatalnog tretmana somatostatinom (SRIH-14) na somatotropne (GH) ćelije. Ženke pacova su dva puta dnevno s.c. tretirane sa 20 _g SRIH-14/100g t.m. u toku pet dana (od 3. do 7. dana života) i žrtvovane u različitim periodima života: u neonatalnom (8. dan) juvenilnom (16. dan), peripubertalnom (38. dan) i adultnom (80. dan) periodu. GH ćelije su imunocitohemijski obeležene metodom peroksidaza-antiperoksidaza a morfometrijskim i stereološkim metodama određivani su broj GH ćelija po jedinici površine, njihov volumen i volumenska gustina. Nakon somatostatinskog tretmana, najznačajnije smanjenje svih merenih parametara utvrđeno je u neonatalnom periodu. SRIH-14 je izazvao značajno smanjenje volumena i volumenske gustine GH ćelija u juvenilnom, peripubertalnom i adultnom periodu života. Broj GH-pozitivnih ćelija po mm2 je bio značajno smanjen kada je ispitivan neposredno nakon tretmana, ali je bio značajno povećan kod adultnih ženki. Telesna masa, kao i apsolutne i relativne mase hipofiza nisu bile izmenjene ni u jednoj od ispitivanih starosnih grupa. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da neonatalni tretman somatostatinom izaziva značajan neposredan i odložen inhibitoran uticaj na GH ćelije, ali ne utiče na stopu rasta kod ženki pacova.nul

Significance of proper oral hygiene for health condition of mouth and teeth

Background/Aim. Proper mouth and teeth hygiene has influence on the prevention of a great number of diseases and very often some of them are not related only to oral cavity. Most frequent diseases of mouth and teeth such as caries and periodontal diseases are caused, among other factors, by poor oral hygiene. They are also more frequent in young population. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and hygienic habit on oral health in children aged 11-15 years. Methods. This crosssectional study was conducted by the dental teams in dentist surgeries in Tivat Health Center between May and September 2009. The sample consisted of patients 11 to 15 years of age. A questionnaire and dental examination of mouth and teeth were used as research instruments. The examinations were conducted in accordance with the World Health Organization methodology and criteria. The data obtained from the interviews were correlated with those obtained from the clinical examinations. Results. The results show that the majority of respondents brush their teeth twice a day and visit the dentist once in every six months. The research also shows that 57% respondents have caries of deciduous teeth and over 63% respondents of permanent teeth. Gingivitis was found in 14% and orthodontic anomalies in 44.7% respondents. A half of respondents who brush their teeth rarely have problems with gingivitis. There is a highly statistically significant difference between the occurrence of gingivitis and the frequency of teeth brushing. Conclusion. There is a significant difference between mouth and oral hygiene and sex as well as other sociodemographic characteristics of respondents. The study showed the correlation between occurrence of caries and the gingivitis and frequency of teeth brushing and dental visits

Frequency of HFE Gene Mutations C282Y and H63D in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Genetic epidemiology studies of hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) have shown a high prevalence of the C282Y mutation in individuals of the North Western European origin, whereas lower prevalence of HFE gene mutations was detected in the populations from southern European countries. However, no HFE mutation prevalence data have been provided for the population of Bosnia-Herzegovina so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the C282Y and H63D HFE gene mutations in the population of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Among 200 analysed subjects 8 (4%) were C282Y heterozygotes; no C282Y homozygotes were found. The frequency of the H63D allele was 11.5%. There were 33 (16.5%) heterozygotes and 6 (3%) homozygotes for the H63D mutation. One (0.5%) compound heterozygote C282Y/H63D was identified. The observed C282Y and H63D allele frequency was 2.25% (95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.2) and 11.5% (95% confidence interval: 8.7–14.9), respectively. The prevalence of the C282Y and H63D mutations was estimated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which fit well in the European northwest-to-southeast gradient of the C282Y mutation distribution. In addition, these results have an important implication for clinical evaluation of HHC in Bosnia- Herzegovina

Promjene u mortalitetu stanovništva Crne Gore u postojećim ekonomskim i socijalnim uvjetima

Mortalitet stanovništva Crne Gore ukazuje na demografske i zdravstvene karakteristike tog stanovništva, kao i na socijalno-ekonomske prilike u kojima živi. Podatci o mortalitetu su jedini podaci čija je evidencija zakonski regulirana po međunarodno utvrđenoj metodologiji, a posljednjih godina se bilježi značajna promjena njihovih vrijednosti. Od posebnog značaja su mortalitetni podatci koji se prikazuju za pojedine kategorije stanovništva. Dosadašnja istraživanja su pokazala da i na današnjoj razini razvoja nauke postoje oboljenja ili stanja, koja su izavala smrt, a mogla su biti spriječena pravodobnim mjerama. METODE: U radu su analizirani publicirani podatci rutinske vitalne statistike. Korištene publikacije su: Statistički godišnjak Crne Gore i Statistički godišnjak o zdravlju stanovništva i zdravstvenoj zaštiti u Republici Crnoj Gori.REZULTATI: Opća stopa umiranja u Crnoj Gori raste, kao posljedica starenja stanovništva. Prema podatcima za 2004. godinu stopa mortaliteta dojenčadi kao najsenzitivnijeg pokazatelja zdravlja stanovništva, iznosila je 7,8/1000 živorođenih što je i najniža izračunata vrijednost ove stope, dok je 2005. godine iznosila 9,7/1000 živorođene djece. Zapaža se i tendencija pada vrijednosti stope umiranja djece ispod pet godina života, vrlo važnog indikatora zdravlja, prema kome UNICEF rangira zemlje. Već pet godina, u Crnoj Gori nema registriranih slučajeva maternalnog mortaliteta.Istraživanje, koje je rađeno u Institutu za javno zdravlje za lokalne potrebe iz 2003. godine je pokazalo da je svaki umrli stanovnik Crne Gore izgubio deset potencijalnih godina života.  Vodeći uzroci smrti stanovništva Crne Gore, (2005. godine), bili su bolesti sustava krvotoka i tumori, ali na visokom trećem mjestu su i uzroci koji su vezani za neadekvatnu registraciju uzroka smrti. ZAKLJUčAK: Podatci o umiranju pokazuju da je u poslednjih pedeset godina došlo do značajnih promjena. Neki od pokazatelja umiranja su na nivou europskih, dok drugi još uvijek nisu dostigli željenu razinu