Trials Without End: Some Comments and Reviews on the Sacco-Vanzetti, Rosenberg, and Hiss Cases

A Review of Porter: The Never-Ending Wrong, and Meeropol & Meeropol: We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and Weinstein:Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Cas

Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes

All plants, including crop species, harbor a community of fungal endophyte species, yet we know little about the biotic factors that are important in endophyte community assembly. We suggest that the most direct route to understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is through the study of functional trait variation in the host and its fungal consortium. We review studies on crop endophytes that investigate plant and fungal traits likely to be important in endophyte community processes. We focus on approaches that could speed detection of general trends in endophyte community assembly: (i) use of the ‘assembly rules’ concept to identify specific mechanisms that influence endophyte community dynamics, (ii) measurement of functional trait variation in plants and fungi to better understand endophyte community processes and plant–fungal interactions, and (iii) investigation of microbe–microbe interactions, and fungal traits that mediate them. This approach is well suited for research in agricultural systems, where pair-wise host–fungus interactions and mechanisms of fungal–fungal competition have frequently been described. Areas for consideration include the possibility that human manipulation of crop phenotype and deployment of fungal biocontrol species can significantly influence endophyte community assembly. Evaluation of endophyte assembly rules may help to fine-tune crop management strategies

Trials Without End: Some Comments and Reviews on the Sacco-Vanzetti, Rosenberg, and Hiss Cases

A Review of Porter: The Never-Ending Wrong, and Meeropol & Meeropol: We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and Weinstein:Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Cas

Application of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap™) for the determination of beta-casein phenotypes in cow milk

The objective of this study was to determine the β-CN phenotypes in cow milk collected from HF and cross-bred HF dairy cattle in Phu Dong, Vietnam. In total, 85 samples of raw milk were collected from 85 individual cows. Beta-casein (β-CN) phenotypes in cow milk were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The results showed that three β-CN variants A1, A2 and I were detected and identified in the milk samples. Five β-CN phenotypes A1A1, A1A2, A1I, A2A2 and A2I were found with percentages of 0.035, 0.400, 0.059, 0.482 and 0.024, respectively. The higher proportion of β-CN phenotype A2A2 compared to other phenotypes was expected because of changes in dairy cow breeding in Phu Dong, Vietnam