Union would facilitate joining of tubing, minimize braze contamination

Union assembly provides a fluidtight joint between two lengths of tubing and minimizes introduction of braze contaminants into the tubing. The union contains two brazing preforms separated by a metal ring that serves as a dam for the molten brazing alloy

The Limits of Financial Equity: The Federal Reserve, the Depression of 1921, and the End of Wilsonian Progressivism

The Limits of Financial Equity: The Federal Reserve, the Depression of 1921, and the End of Wilsonian Progressivism is an examination of monetary policy and centralized macroeconomic planning in the American economy during the inflationary spiral of the 1910s that culminated in the Depression of 1921. Put forward for consideration is the successful populist campaign for agricultural credit equity by the burgeoning Federal Reserve System; set against a backdrop of intentional inflation, world and domestic citizens competed against as the price and supply chain distortions perpetuated by the policing of American commerce by the Food Administration, A. Mitchell Palmer’s Department of Justice, and the United States Railroad Administration. Through the extensive use of state and federal financial statements, newspaper reports, and personal papers of the vested parties, the road to the forgotten Depression of 1921 is laid bare and with it the pitfalls of activist governance—from expert management of the economy toward equitable ends to the pitfalls of inflationary finance to the scapegoat of corporate greed—that would return in the crash of 1929 and distort our world view of economic and social ills in every downturn to the present

Substitution and photolytic rearrangements in three-member ring compounds

An investigation into the substitution and photolytic rearrangements of 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropenes was conducted. Triphenylcyclopropenyl t̲-butyl ether was found to undergo alkyl group exchange with refluxing methanol, ethanol, or 2-propanol to yield the corresponding 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropenyl alkyl ether when a trace impurity of a 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropenium halide is present to catalyse the reaction. This forms hydrogen halide with solvent. Upon standing for long periods of time, the 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropenyl ethers were observed to partially rearrange to new products. A sample of 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropenyl methyl ether was subjected to photolysis in hexane and yielded 3-methoxy-1,2-diphenylindene, 2,3- diphenylindenone, tolane, benzoic acid, 1,2,3-triphenylpropen-1-one and a polymer. Samples of 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene, 3-methyl-, 3-phenyl-, and 3-benzyl-1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene were prepared and subjected to photolytic rearrangement. Each product yielded the corresponding 3- alkyl- or 3-aryl-1,2-diphenylindene, analogous to the 3-methoxy-1,2- diphenylindene obtained by photolysis of the methyl ether, except the triphenylcyclopropene which yielded isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaphenyltricyclo-[ 3,1,0,0²\u27⁴] hexane. The 3-methyl-1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene, upon photolysis, yielded the indene exclusively and was only partially isomerized after 68 hours. The 1,2,3,3-tetraphenylcyclopropene yielded 50-75% 1,2,3-triphenylindene and 5-20% of a second product identified as 13-phenyl-13-H̲-indeno [1,2-1̲] phenanthrene. The parent cyclopropene was completely rearranged in 24 hours. The 3-benzyl-1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene was completely rearranged in 24 hours and gave 47% of 3-benzyl-1,2-indene, a mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutadienes, and a trace of 1,2,3-triphenylnaphthalene --Abstract, pages ii-iii

Effects of environmental characteristics on the fish assemblages of high latitude kelp forests in South-central Alaska

Alaskan kelp forests are patchy habitats, varying greatly in size, physical complexity, and biotic and abiotic characteristics, and are important to fish communities. Patchy habitats often support different communities on patch edges versus interiors, while patch size and physical complexity are typically correlated to the resident community structure. This study quantified the biological and physical heterogeneity within different sized kelp forests and identified which factors are important in structuring the associated fish communities. Fish and habitat surveys were conducted at ten kelp forests of varying sizes. Significantly different fish communities were found at edge compared to interior locations. The relative abundance of seven species explained 91.4% of the variability in the fish community. Fish community structure was not correlated with kelp forest size or the species composition of canopy forming kelps. Instead, it related to the abundances of two understory kelps, bottom rugosity, and water depth. Together these benthic attributes correlated with 53.6% of the fish community variability. These findings suggest that within patchy systems that are spatially and structurally non-uniform, associated fish species composition and abundance may be more directly linked to location within the patch and year-round habitat complexity rather than habitat patch size or foundational species composition

Variability of Factors Influencing Stand Establishment in Green Needlegrass Populations from Western South Dakota

In recent years, there has been an alarming conversion of rang-land to cropland in western South Dakota. More importantly, much of this increase in cropland has resulted in the plowing of large areas of land where the soils are unsuited or only marginally suited to continuous cultivation. During the period from 1967 to 1975, the extent of this trend represented a net increase of about 200,000 of class IV soils, which are used for the production of annual crops. Historically, such unwise expansions of cropland to land areas that are susceptable to severe wind and water erosion have resulted in costly and time consuming revegetation of these areas to perennial grasses. After the severe drought of the 1930’s, crested wheatgrass was used almost exclusively to revegetate the eroded croplands in western South Dakota. Attempts to use native species for revegetation of cropland in the 1930’s met with very little success. Seed of native species was not readily available, and the seedling vigor of widely distributed native such as green needlegrass and western wheatgrass was found to be greatly inferior to that of the crested wheatgrass. Green needlegrass is a cool season native species, which is well adapted to semi-arid regions of the northern Great Plains. Where range condition is good or excellent in western South Dakota, green needlegrass is a dominant species on medium to fine-textured soils. As a medium to fine-textured soils. As a mid-height species of grass, it is an important contributor to the total forage production of rangeland in western South Dakota. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of factors influencing stand establishment of green needlegrass and to determine the potential for selecting an improved variety from collections made at seven sites (representing 6 ecotypes) in western South Dakota. Variation of mature plant characteristics was also studied to determine of see and forage production could be improved through selection

Exogenous sucrose effects on carbohydrate level, flower respiration and longevity of potted miniature rose (Rosa hybrida) flowers during postproduction.

The effect of continuous injection of exogenous sucrose on single flower postproduction longevity of attached flowers of potted ‘Meijikatar’ miniature roses was studied. At bud showing color, with sepals starting to unfold, plants were moved to interior conditions and started being continuously injected with a solution of 3% sucrose or distilled water. Carbohydrate levels, flower respiration and single flower longevity were assessed. The method presented some variability in the amounts of solution supplied to the plants. Infusion of exogenous sucrose increased attached miniature rose flower longevity by 1.5 days and also increased flower respiration rate. The higher the uptake rate of sucrose solution the longer the flowers lasted. Exogenously supplied sucrose was consumed by increased respiration and consequently, at day 6 after anthesis, no differences were found in nonstructural carbohydrate levels between water and sucrose treatments. However, stem percent of soluble sugars was higher in the sucrose infused plants, suggesting that exogenous sucrose supply not only served as an extra source of respirable carbohydrates but also released stored carbohydrates to flower respiration. At flower death, leaf soluble sugars and total non-structural carbohydrates were higher in the sucrose infusion treatment and, independently of infusion treatment flower soluble sugars and total non-structural carbohydrates positively correlated with flower longevity.American Floral Endowment, Junta de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica (Programa Ciência, Portugal). Yodder Brothers (Parrish, Florida, U.S.A.) forneceu as plantas. Dr. Rebecca Darnell (Univ. of Florida) colocou o laboratório à disposição para os trabalhos com 14C-sacarose

Maternal Linguistic Input to Toddlers with Slow Expressive Language Development

Maternal speech styles to children between 20 and 34 months of age who were slow to acquire expressive language were compared to those of mothers with normally speaking toddlers. Aspects of the mothers\u27 speech examined included use of various sentence types (declaratives, negative, questions, etc.); the mother\u27s lexical contingency with regard to the child\u27s utterance; mother\u27s use of pragmatic functions such as requests, comments, and conversational devices; and the mother\u27s use of topic management. Results revealed that mothers of toddlers with slow language development are different from mothers of normal speakers only in their frequency of use of lexical contingency devices, specifically, expansion and extension. However, the proportion of expansions and extensions relative to the number of child utterances is not different, indicating that when late talkers give their mothers something to expand, the mothers do so, but that the late talkers do not give their mothers as much speech to work with as do the normal toddlers. Implications of these findings for parent training are discussed

Postproduction of potted miniature rose: flower respiration and single flower longevity

Research was conducted to investigate the relationship between flower respiration and flower longevity as well as to assess the possibility of using miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L.) flower respiration as an indicator of potential flower longevity. Using several miniature rose cultivars as a source of variation, four experiments were conducted throughout the year to study flower respiration and flower longevity under interior conditions. For plants under greenhouse as well as interior conditions, flower respiration was assessed on one flower per plant, from end-of-production (sepals beginning to separate) up to 8 days after anthesis. Interior conditions were 21 ± 1 °C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity with a 12-hour photoperiod of 12 μmol.m–2.s–1 (photosynthetically active radiation). Flower respiration was higher if the plants were produced during spring/summer as compared to fall/winter. ‘Meidanclar’, ‘Schobitet’, and ‘Meilarco’ miniature roses had higher flower respiration rates than ‘Meijikatar’ and ‘Meirutral’. These two cultivars with the lowest respiration rates showed much greater flower longevity if grown during spring/summer as compared to fall/winter. The three cultivars with the higher respiration rates did not show differences in flower longevity between seasons. For plants under greenhouse or interior conditions, flower respiration was negatively correlated with longevity in spring/summer but a positive correlation between these parameters was found in fall/winter. During spring/summer, flower respiration rate appears to be a good indicator of potential metabolic rate, and flowers with low respiration rates last longer.American Floral Endowment and Junta de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica (Programa Ciência, Portugal). Yodder Brothers (Parrish, Florida, U.S.A.) ofereceu as plantas