Theories of probability: an examination of foundations

Theories of Probabilit

TWO-PHASE NONPARAMETRIC ICA ALGORITHM FOR BLIND SEPARATION OF INSTANTANEOUS LINEAR MIXTURES

We propose a nonparametric independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm for the problem of blind source separation with instantaneous, time-invariant and linear mixtures. Our Init-NLE algorithm combines minimization of correlation among nonlinear expansions of the output signals with a good initialization derived from search guided by statistical tests for independence based on the power-divergent family of test statistics. Such initialization is critical to reliable separation. The simulation results obtained from both synthetic and real-life data show that our method yields consistent results and compares favorably to the existing ICA algorithms. 1

S2 Thickness rostroacaudal and dorsal, side and ventral transects

Bladder thickness in dorsal, side ventral and in rostral caudal transects in the oyster toadfis

S1 Blad thickness for male

Bladder thickness for juvenile, male and female oyster toadfis

Data from: Wall structure and material properties cause viscous damping of swimbladder sounds in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau

Despite rapid damping, fish swimbladders have been modelled as underwater resonant bubbles. Recent data suggest that swimbladders of sound-producing fishes use a forced rather than a resonant response to produce sound. The reason for this discrepancy has not been formally addressed, and we demonstrate, for the first time, that the structure of the swimbladder wall will affect vibratory behaviour. Using the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau, we find regional differences in bladder thickness, directionality of collagen layers (anisotropic bladder wall structure), material properties that differ between circular and longitudinal directions (stress, strain and Young's modulus), high water content (80%) of the bladder wall and a 300-fold increase in the modulus of dried tissue. Therefore, the swimbladder wall is a viscoelastic structure that serves to damp vibrations and impart directionality, preventing the expression of resonance

S1 from Wall structure and material properties cause viscous damping of swimbladder sounds in the oyster toadfish <i>Opsanus tau</i>

Bladder thickness for mal

S2 from Wall structure and material properties cause viscous damping of swimbladder sounds in the oyster toadfish <i>Opsanus tau</i>

Thickness rostroacaudal transect