555 research outputs found
FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION OF DUPLICATED FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN WHEAT
Gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization is of a great evolutionary importance. In plant genomes, duplicated genes may result from either polyploidization (homoeologous genes) or segmental chromosome duplications (paralogous genes). In allohexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum L. (2n=6x=42, genome BBAADD), both homoeologous and paralogous copies were found for the regulatory gene Myc encoding MYC-like transcriptional factor in the biosynthesis of flavonoid pigments, anthocyanins, and for the structural gene F3h encoding one of the key enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis, flavanone 3-hydroxylase. From the 5 copies (3 homoeologous and 2 paralogous) of the Myc gene found in T. aestivum, only one plays a regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, interacting complementary with another transcriptional factor (MYB-like) to confer purple pigmentation of grain pericarp in wheat. The role and functionality of the other 4 copies of the Myc gene remain unknown. From the 4 functional copies of the F3h gene in T. aestivum, three homoeologues have similar function. They are expressed in wheat organs colored with anthocyanins or in the endosperm, participating there in biosynthesis of uncolored flavonoid substances. The fourth copy (the B-genomic paralogue) is transcribed neither in wheat organs colored with anthocyanins nor in seeds, however, itβs expression has been noticed in roots of aluminium-stressed plants, where the three homoeologous copies are not active. Functional diversification of the duplicated flavonoid biosynthesis genes in wheat may be a reason for maintenance of the duplicated copies and preventing them from pseudogenization.The study was supported by RFBR (11-04-92707). We also thank Ms. Galina Generalova for technical assistance
Conductance oscillations and zero-bias anomaly in a single superconducting junction to a three-dimensional topological insulator
We experimentally investigate Andreev transport through a single junction
between an s-wave indium superconductor and a thick film of a three-dimensional
topological insulator. We study samples with different
bulk and surface characteristics, where the presence of a topological surface
state is confirmed by direct ARPES measurements. All the junctions demonstrate
Andreev transport within the superconducting gap. For junctions with
transparent interfaces we find a number of nearly periodic
conductance oscillations, which are accompanied by zero-bias conductance
anomaly. Both effects disappear above the superconducting transition or for
resistive junctions. We propose a consistent interpretation of both effects as
originating from proximity-induced superconducting correlations within the
topological surface state
Complementary methods for the prevention and treatment of stress-induced mastopathy
The article considers the relationship between stress and diseases of the female reproductive system. A method for the rehabilitation of patients with mastopathy resulting from psycho-emotional stress (stress) based on the use of complementary methods of prevention and medical rehabilitation is proposed
Anisotropy of ionospheric irregularities determined from the amplitude of satellite signals at a single receiver
GaAs(111)A and B in hydrazine sulfide solutions : extreme polarity dependence of surface adsorption processes
Chemical bonds formed by hydrazine-sulfide treatment of GaAs(111) were
studied by synchrotron photoemission spectroscopy. At the B surface, the top
arsenic atoms are replaced by nitrogen atoms, while GaAs(111)A is covered by
sulfur, also bonded to underlying gallium, despite the sulfide molar
concentration being 103 times smaller than that of the hydrazine. This extreme
dependence on surface polarity is explained by competitive adsorption processes
of HS- and OH- anions and of hydrazine molecules, on Ga- adsorption sites,
which have distinct configurations on the A and B surfaces
Unoccupied topological surface state in BiTeSe
Bias voltage dependent scattering of the topological surface state is studied
by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy for a clean surface of the
topological insulator BiTeSe. A strong warping of constant energy
contours in the unoccupied part of the spectrum is found to lead to a
spin-selective scattering. The topological surface state persists to higher
energies in the unoccupied range far beyond the Dirac point, where it coexists
with the bulk conduction band. This finding sheds light on the spin and charge
dynamics over the wide energy range and opens a way to designing
opto-spintronic devices.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Cs-induced charge transfer on (2x4)-GaAs(001) studied by photoemission
Cesium adsorption on 2x4 GaAs (001) was studied by photoemission and low
energy electron diffraction. The different Cs induced changes of the As 3d and
Ga 3d core level spectra show that charge transfer is almost complete for Ga
surface sites, but is negligible to surface As at a coverage smaller than 0.3
ML. The situation is opposite for a coverage larger than 0.3ML, at which
transfer occurs to As but no longer to Ga. Charge transfer to As atoms leads to
disordering and destabilization and induces surface conversion from the As-rich
surface to the Ga-rich 4x2 one after annealing at a reduced temperature of 450
C
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ cΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
Background. Increased consumption of animal fat with food contributes to the accumulation of lipids both in the blood and in individual cell structures. Excess fat initiates oxidative stress reactions, which may result in a violation of the structural and functional integrity of cells, in particular, hepatocytes and endotheliocytes. Cytolysis may release specific liver enzymes and activate synthesis of extracellular matrix components, one of the markers of which is a non-collagen glycoprotein laminin.The drug sulodexide, having a pronounced angioprotective, hypolipidemic, and fibrinolytic effects, contributes to restoration of a number of metabolic disorders.Aim. To study the content of lipid metabolism parameters, major enzymes of hepatic cytolysis, and laminin in the blood of rats fed with a high-fat diet against the background of sulodexide administration.Materials and methods. For the study, outbred rats were selected, which were divided into three groups β two experimental groups and one control group. The rats of the first and second experimental groups were fed with a diet with a high content of animal fat (44% of the daily calorie content) for 35 days. In addition, the rats of the second experimental group were daily subcutaneously injected with sulodexide at a dose of 8.5 LRU / kg in terms of the animalβs body weight for 35 days. Starting from day 36 of the experiment, the rats of the control group, as well as the rats of the two experimental groups were fed with a standard diet of the vivarium. The animals were decapitated and blood was taken on day 21, 35, and 60 of the experiment. In the blood serum, the levels of the main lipid metabolism parameters, specific liver enzymes, and laminin were determined.Results. An increase in the body weight of animals and the level of the studied lipid metabolism parameters in the blood serum was revealed. It is likely that the structural integrity of hepatocytes was affected with the release of liver enzymes into the bloodstream and an increase in their content in the blood of rats. In addition, synthesis of extracellular matrix components was activated with an increase in the serum level of laminin, which performs important structural and regulatory functions.Conclusion. The use of sulodexide had a favorable effect on the studied metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet. It resulted in the normalization of the synthesis of laminin, one of the major non-collagen proteins of the extracellular matrix.ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½.ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Β«Π‘ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Β», ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ β Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° (44% ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 35 ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 35 ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ 8,5 ΠΠ/ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Ρ 36-Ρ
ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° 21, 35 ΠΈ 60-Π΅ ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° β Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° β Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°
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