Rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis in Adults (I); Impairment and Impact on Functioning and Quality of Life: An Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, central nervous system, disabling disease. International Classification of Functioning and relevant generic and specific outcome measures are reported. Problems perceived by people with MS (PwMS) affect mobility, sight, continence, feeding, or cognitive impairment, depending on whether acute, chronic, or long-term disability was involved. The most common body function and structure impairments leading to disability and reported by health care professionals are fatigue, weakness, decreased fitness, sensory disorders, pain, upper motor neuron syndromes, ataxia and tremor, balance and postural control problems, gait pattern disorders, visual problems, and neurogenic lower urinary tract and bowel dysfunction; sexual, autonomic, neuropsychological, and neuropsychiatric impairment; dysarthrophonia, dysphagia, and respiratory and sleep disorders. The most frequently affected activities and relationships include mobility, domestic life, community and social activities, remunerative employment, interpersonal relationships, self-care, learning and applying knowledge, and economic life. Limitations in activities of daily life because of fatigue, pain, visual problems, incontinence, sexual and cognitive impairment, depressive disorders, sleep disorders, economic pressure, employment status, and lack of information have an impact on quality of life (QoL). Increased caregiving tasks, psychological burden, limitation in activities and participation, and reduced QoL have a profound influence on caregivers. This paper summarizes the perception of problems and needs, the disease's impact on functioning and QoL of PwMS, and the impact on their significant others and caregivers, according to health and social research.Martinez-Assucena, A.; Marnetoft, S.; Roig Rovira, T.; Hernandez-San-Miguel, J.; Bernabeu, M.; Martinell-Gispert-Sauch, M. (2010). Rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis in Adults (I); Impairment and Impact on Functioning and Quality of Life: An Overview. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 22(1-4):103-178. doi:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v22.i1-4.90103178221-

Rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis, in Adults (II); Management and Impact on Impairment, Functioning, and Quality of Life: An Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) often leads to different levels of severity and progression of impairment and disability and to dissimilar levels of limitation in activities and participation in different social domains, with varying impacts on quality of life (QoL) among people with MS (PwMS). Results have shown that, for PwMS, prioritizing goal setting may enhance adherence to treatment. Interdisciplinary rehabilitation may prolong the functional status level of PwMS, may result in transient improvement in the aspects of impairment features, may increase their participation in activities, and may improve their QoL, even when disease progression is not modified. Single rehabilitation packages of comprehensive care have proven beneficial, such as physiotherapy, which enhances aerobic capacity, strength, pain, mood, mobility, and QoL. Occupational therapy can help reduce the impact of impairment on QoL, especially fatigue. Neuropsychological interventions, such as learning and memory remediation, psychological intervention for depressive disorders, and acquistion of coping skills and self-management techniques help PwMS to adjust to disease and disability. Speech therapy can improve intelligibility of communication. Learning swallowing techniques can help prevent material from entering the airway. Clean intermittent self-catheterization can help prevent urinary tract infections. Power wheelchairs enhance occupational performance and energy conservation. Further vocational rehabilitation settings and research are required for more appropriate interventions due to high unemployment rates among PwMS. Comprehensive care for PwMS should include planning for future independent living and long-term care needs.Martinez-Assucena, A.; Marnetoft, S.; Roig Rovira, T.; Hernandez-San-Miguel, J.; Bernabeu, M.; Martinell-Gispert-Sauch, M. (2010). Rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis, in Adults (II); Management and Impact on Impairment, Functioning, and Quality of Life: An Overview. 22(1-4):179-239. doi:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v22.i1-4.100179239221-

Improving brain injury cognitive rehabilitation by personalized telerehabilitation services: Guttmann neuropersonal trainer

Cognitive rehabilitation aims to remediate or alleviate the cognitive deficits appearing after an episode of acquired brain injury (ABI). The purpose of this work is to describe the telerehabilitation platform called Guttmann Neuropersonal Trainer (GNPT) which provides new strategies for cognitive rehabilitation, improving efficiency and access to treatments, and to increase knowledge generation from the process. A cognitive rehabilitation process has been modeled to design and develop the system, which allows neuropsychologists to configure and schedule rehabilitation sessions, consisting of set of personalized computerized cognitive exercises grounded on neuroscience and plasticity principles. It provides remote continuous monitoring of patient's performance, by an asynchronous communication strategy. An automatic knowledge extraction method has been used to implement a decision support system, improving treatment customization. GNPT has been implemented in 27 rehabilitation centers and in 83 patients' homes, facilitating the access to the treatment. In total, 1660 patients have been treated. Usability and cost analysis methodologies have been applied to measure the efficiency in real clinical environments. The usability evaluation reveals a system usability score higher than 70 for all target users. The cost efficiency study results show a relation of 1-20 compared to face-to-face rehabilitation. GNPT enables brain-damaged patients to continue and further extend rehabilitation beyond the hospital, improving the efficiency of the rehabilitation process. It allows customized therapeutic plans, providing information to further development of clinical practice guidelines

Una revisión de escalas de evaluación para medir el cambio de conducta debido a la lesión cerebral y el tratamiento de estos cambios

Introduction: People who have suffered a brain injury often experience a wide range of cognitive, emotional and behavioural disorders. Neuropsychological rehabilitation used to focus on the cognitive aspects, giving little or no attention to the other changes. In this context the behavioural changes are a big handicap for their rehabilitation and adaptation to society. Aim: To review the findings obtained in studies on scales assessing behavioural changes in acquired brain injury (ABI) and to apply specific treatments. Method: The review included original articles and treatments, which used questionnaires to assess and improve the behavioural changes in adults who had suffered an ABI.  CINAHL and MEDLINE databases between the years 1990-2014 were consulted. Instruments used in adults with DCA were selected. Psychiatric scales applied to people without brain damage were excluded. Results: The search yielded a large number of references and several instruments were identified. Most quantified behavioural changes, but also many emotional, psychiatric or quality of life issues are addressed. Most self-administered scales assess both the patient and the family or caregiver. Conclusions: Despite the limited range of scales involved in the assessment of behaviour, suitable tools were found in clinical practice for the diagnosis of behavioral changes. Regarding treatment, the literature describes studies of single and group cases, however, no single treatment for patients with DCA is identified.ResumenIntroducción: Las personas que han sufrido una lesión cerebral suelen experimentar un amplio conjunto de alteraciones cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales. La rehabilitación neuropsicológica acostumbra a centrarse en los aspectos cognitivos, dando escasa o nula atención al resto de cambios. En este contexto los cambios conductuales son un gran hándicap para la rehabilitación y la adaptación a la sociedad. Objetivo: Revisar los hallazgos obtenidos en estudios sobre escalas que evalúan los cambios de conducta en lesión cerebral y apliquen tratamientos específicos. Método: La revisión incluyó artículos originales que utilizaban algún cuestionario y tratamiento para valorar y mejorar los cambios conductuales en adultos que habían sufrido una lesión cerebral. Se consultaron las bases de datos CINAHL y MEDLINE entre los años 1990 a 2014. Se seleccionaron instrumentos utilizados en población adulta con lesión cerebral. Se excluyeron escalas psiquiátricas o aplicadas a población sin daño cerebral. Resultados: La búsqueda produjo un gran número de referencias y se identificaron varios instrumentos. La mayoría cuantificaban los cambios conductuales, pero además en muchos de ellos se abordan aspectos emocionales, psiquiátricos o de calidad de vida. La mayoría de las escalas se auto-administraban tanto al paciente como al familiar o cuidador. Conclusiones: A pesar de la poca variedad de escalas dedicadas a la evaluación de la conducta, se encontraron instrumentos idóneos en la práctica clínica para el diagnóstico de cambios conductuales. Respecto al tratamiento, la literatura describe estudios de caso único y grupal; sin embargo, no se considera que exista un tratamiento único para los pacientes con lesión cerebral. AbstractIntroduction: People who have suffered a brain injury often experience a wide range of cognitive, emotional and behavioural disorders. Neuropsychological rehabilitation used to focus on the cognitive aspects, giving little or no attention to the other changes. In this context the behavioural changes are a big handicap for their rehabilitation and adaptation to society. Aim: To review the findings obtained in studies on scales assessing behavioural changes in acquired brain injury (ABI) and to apply specific treatments. Method: The review included original articles and treatments, which used questionnaires to assess and improve the behavioural changes in adults who had suffered an ABI.  CINAHL and MEDLINE databases between the years 1990-2014 were consulted. Instruments used in adults with DCA were selected. Psychiatric scales applied to people without brain damage were excluded. Results: The search yielded a large number of references and several instruments were identified. Most quantified behavioural changes, but also many emotional, psychiatric or quality of life issues are addressed. Most self-administered scales assess both the patient and the family or caregiver. Conclusions: Despite the limited range of scales involved in the assessment of behaviour, suitable tools were found in clinical practice for the diagnosis of behavioral changes. Regarding treatment, the literature describes studies of single and group cases, however, no single treatment for patients with DCA is identified.

White matter integrity related to functional working memory networks in traumatic brain injury

Objective: This study explores the functional and structural patterns of connectivity underlying working memory impairment after severe traumatic axonal injury. Methods: We performed an fMRI n-back task and acquired diffusion tensor images (DTI) in a group of 19 chronic-stage patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and evidence of traumatic axonal injury and 19 matched healthy controls. We performed image analyses with FSL software and fMRI data were analyzed using probabilistic independent component analysis. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps from DTI images were analyzed with FMRIB's Diffusion Toolbox. Results: We identified working memory and default mode networks. Global FA values correlated with both networks and FA whole-brain analysis revealed correlations in several tracts associated with the functional activation. Furthermore, working memory performance in the patient group correlated with the functional activation patterns and with the FA values of the associative fasciculi. Conclusion: Combining structural and functional neuroimaging data, we were able to describe structural white matter changes related to functional network alterations and to lower performance in working memory in chronic TBI

White Matter/Gray Matter Contrast Changes in Chronic and Diffuse Traumatic brain Injury

Signal-intensity contrast of T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans has been associated with tissue integrity and reported as a sign of neurodegenerative changes in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. After severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), progressive structural changes occur in white (WM) and gray matter (GM). In the current study, we assessed the signal-intensity contrast of GM and WM in patients with diffuse TBI in the chronic stage to (1) characterize the regional pattern of WM/GM changes in intensity contrast associated with traumatic axonal injury, (2) evaluate possible associations between this measure and diffusion tensor image (DTI)/fractional anisotropy (FA) for detecting WM damage, and (3) investigate the correlates of both measures with cognitive outcomes. Structural T1 scans were processed with FreeSurfer software to identify the boundary and calculate the WM/GM contrast maps. DTIs were processed with the FMRIB software library to obtain FA maps. The WM/GM contrast in TBI patients showed a pattern of reduction in almost all of the brain, except the visual and motor primary regions. Global FA values obtained from DTI correlated with the intensity contrast of all associative cerebral regions. WM/GM contrast correlated with memory functions, whereas FA global values correlated with tests measuring memory and mental processing speed. In conclusion, tissue-contrast intensity is a very sensitive measure for detecting structural brain damage in chronic, severe and diffuse TBI, but is less sensitive than FA for reflecting neuropsychological sequelae, such as impaired mental processing speed

Clustering techniques for patients suffering acquired brain injury inneuro personal trainer

The study of the effectiveness of the cognitive rehabilitation processes and the identification of cognitive profiles, in order to define comparable populations, is a controversial area, but concurrently it is strongly needed in order to improve therapies. There is limited evidence about cognitive rehabilitation efficacy. Many of the trials conclude that in spite of an apparent clinical good response, differences do not show statistical significance. The common feature in all these trials is heterogeneity among populations. In this situation, observational studies on very well controlled cohort of studies, together with innovative methods in knowledge extraction, could provide methodological insights for the design of more accurate comparative trials. Some correlation studies between neuropsychological tests and patients capacities have been carried out -1---2- and also correlation between tests and morphological changes in the brain -3-. The procedures efficacy depends on three main factors: the affectation profile, the scheduled tasks and the execution results. The relationship between them makes up the cognitive rehabilitation as a discipline, but its structure is not properly defined. In this work we present a clustering method used in Neuro Personal Trainer (NPT) to group patients into cognitive profiles using data mining techniques. The system uses these clusters to personalize treatments, using the patients assigned cluster to select which tasks are more suitable for its concrete needs, by comparing the results obtained in the past by patients with the same profile

Minería de Datos usando Metaplasticidad Artificial en la Rehabilitación Cognitiva de Pacientes con Daño Cerebral

El propósito principal de esta investigación es la aplicación de la Metaplasticidad Artificial en un Perceptrón Multicapa (AMMLP) como una herramienta de minería de datos para la predicción y extracción explícita de conocimiento del proceso de rehabilitación cognitiva en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido. Los resultados obtenidos por el AMMLP junto con el posterior análisis de la base de datos ayudarían a los terapeutas a conocer las características de los pacientes que mejoran y los programas de rehabilitación que han seguido. Esto incrementaría el conocimiento del proceso de rehabilitación y facilitaría la elaboración de hipótesis terapéuticas permitiendo la optimización y personalización de las terapias. La evaluación del AMMLP se ha realizado con datos proporcionados por el Institut Guttmann. Los resultados del AMMLP fueron comparados con los obtenidos con una red neuronal de retropropagación y con árboles de decisión. La exactitud en la predicción obtenida por el AMMLP en la subfunción cognitiva memoria verbal-visual fue de 90.71 %, resultado muy superior a los obtenidos por los demás algoritmos

Intelligent Therapy Assistant (ITA) for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with Acquired Brain Injury

This paper presents the design, development and first evaluation of an algorithm, named Intelligent Therapy Assistant (ITA), which automatically selects, configures and schedules rehabilitation tasks for patients with cognitive impairments after an episode of Acquired Brain Injury. The ITA is integrated in "Guttmann, Neuro Personal Trainer" (GNPT), a cognitive tele-rehabilitation platform that provides neuropsychological services

Identificación de Oportunidades de Mejora en Procesos de Neurorrehabilitación

El modelado de procesos es una técnica de gestión empresarial destinada a la mejora continua de los procesos de una organización, como base operativa y estructural de la misma. En el ámbito de la Neurorrehabilitación, crece el interés por los mapas de procesos como herramienta de comprensión, representación y análisis de los procesos clínicos. El presente trabajo se centra en la identificación de oportunidades de mejora de las actividades de rehabilitación, con el objetivo de definir nuevas estrategias de monitorización y automatización que permitan su evolución hacia el nuevo modelo de rehabilitación ubicua, personalizada y basada en la evidencia