United classification of cosmic gamma-ray bursts and their counterparts

United classification of gamma-ray bursts and their counterparts is established on the basis of measured characteristics: photon energy E and emission duration T. The founded interrelation between the mentioned characteristics of events consists in that, as the energy increases, the duration decreases (and vice versa). The given interrelation reflects the nature of the phenomenon and forms the E-T diagram, which represents a natural classification of all observed events in the energy range from 10E9 to 10E-6 eV and in the corresponding interval of durations from about 10E-2 up to 10E8 s. The proposed classification results in the consequences, which are principal for the theory and practical study of the phenomenon.Comment: Keywords Gamma rays: burst

. Characteristics Of Hydrogenous Body Media Self-Emission And Its Use For Identification And Monitoring Of Inflammatory Infiltrative Changes In Lower Respiratory Tract

The article based on scientific research gives the description of radio-wave investigation of infiltrative processes in the lungs. A new method of studies - trance-resonant functional topography - has been used. Some new diagnostical criteria for identification and specification of infiltrative disease of thorax have been presented and some problems of diagnostics of inflammatory infiltrative changes of lower respiratory tract (pneumonia, sarcoidosis and lung cancer) have been solve

Депрограммирование как первостепенный этап в тотальной реконструкции окклюзии

This article aims to consider deprogramming as a necessary and paramount stage in the treatment of patients with occlusion disorders and temporomandibular disorders. The analysis of the literature identifies the goals and objectives of the deprogramming, as well as the methods used to perform the muscle relaxation of the masticatory muscles and determine the central relation. On the basis of the applied methods of deprogramming and further analysis, using the methods of neuromuscular diagnosis, the most rational choice of the method of deprogramming was chosen.В данной статье ставится задача рассмотреть депрограммирование (deprogramming - с англ. - депрограммирование, депрограммация), как необходимый и первостепенный этап при лечении пациентов с нарушениями окклюзии и височно-нижнечелюстными расстройствами. В результате анализа литературы определены цели и задачи депрограммирования, а также методы, использующиеся для осуществления миорелаксации жевательных мышц и определения центрального соотношения. На основе применяющихся методов и дальнейшего анализа, используя методы нейромускулярной диагностики, выбран наиболее рациональный выбор метода депрограммирования

Физико-химические условия долгосрочного функционирования реставраций с каркасом из диоксида циркония: обзор литературы

The aim of the study is to determine the optimal physico-chemical conditions and factors for the long-term perspective of zirconia-based restorations. Materials and methods Information was searched in English without time limits in the PubMed electronic database, a Google search and literature lists of relevant studies and reviews. Full-text articles from 2003 to 2018 were selected, in which studies of frameworks made of zirconium dioxide, a protocol for changing firing temperatures, and a description of the structure are described. Results. Totally 79 articles were identified. After the selection of articles on the inclusion criteria and removal of duplicate articles, the total number was 5. The review of the literature included studies of 3 types of zirconium: 3Y-TZP, ATZ, 12Ce-TZP. In a number of studies, the authors studied experimentally the influence of the oral environment on the long-term functioning of zirconium, and a number of authors conducted a study on the effect of heating and cooling gradients, as well as mechanical processing of zirconium frameworks. Conclusion. This literature review has shown the optimal physicochemical conditions and factors for the long-term prospects for restorations with a zirconia-based framework, starting from its composition, technical and laboratory stages, and pumping over the oral cavity factors. The combination of these factors can reduce the effect of the transition of zirconium dioxide from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase, as well as reduce the stress outcomes resulting from the processing of zirconia frameworks and their facing layer.Цель. Определить оптимальные физико-химические условия и факторы для долгосрочной перспективы реставраций с каркасом на основе диоксида циркония. Материалы и методы. Был выполнен поиск информации на английском языке без ограничений по времени в электронной базе данных PubMed, поиск в системе Google и списках литературы соответствующих исследований и обзоров. Были отобраны полнотекстовые статьи с 2003 по 2018 год, в которых описываются исследования каркасов, изготовленных из диоксида циркония, протокол изменения температур обжига, а также описание структуры. Результаты. В данном обзоре литературы было идентифицировано 79 статей. После отбора по критериям включения и удаления повторяющихся статей, итоговое количество стало равным пяти. В обзор литературы вошли исследования трех видов циркония: 3Y-TZP, ATZ, 12Ce-TZP. В ряде работ авторы изучали экспериментальным путем влияние среды полости рта на долгосрочное функционирование циркония. Также ряд авторов провели исследование на влияние градиентов нагревания и охлаждения, а также механическую обработку циркониевых каркасов. Вывод. Данный обзор литературы показал оптимальные физико-химических условия и факторы для долгосрочных перспектив реставраций с каркасом на основе диоксида циркония, начиная от его состава, технико-лабораторных этапов, закачивая преодолением факторов среды полости рта. Совокупность учета данных факторов сможет снизить влияние перехода диоксида циркония из тетрагональной в моноклинную фазу, а также уменьшит исходы напряжения, возникающие в результате обработки каркасов из диоксида циркония и их облицовочного слоя

The magnetized steel and scintillator calorimeters of the MINOS experiment

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an accelerator-produced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the "atmospheric neutrino" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab's NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as similar as possible in order to ensure that differences in detector response have minimal impact on the comparisons of event rates, energy spectra and topologies that are essential to MINOS measurements of oscillation parameters. The design, construction, calibration and performance of the far and near detectors are described in this paper. © 2008 Elsevier B.V

The magnetized steel and scintillator calorimeters of the MINOS experiment

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an accelerator-produced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the "atmospheric neutrino" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab's NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as similar as possible in order to ensure that differences in detector response have minimal impact on the comparisons of event rates, energy spectra and topologies that are essential to MINOS measurements of oscillation parameters. The design, construction, calibration and performance of the far and near detectors are described in this paper