CEE COUNTRIES – SOME ISSUES OF EU ACCESSION

The paper concentrates on some of the basic issues of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) during the process of EU accession. In addition it deals with some other transition countries and the issues related to their relations and possible accession to the EU. The paper starts with a brief theoretical background on transition and problems of convergence. Here the relevance of economic growth and political developments are underlined. The importance of democratic political developments in transition economies as a need for attaining sustainable economic growth is being underlined. This is especially relevant for the CEE countries on the eve of EU accession. The second section of the paper examines the effects of democracy on economic growth. If all the transition economies, including the newly emerging market economies are taken into account than a direct relationship between democracy and economic growth can not be identified. However, when transition countries are examined with respect to the speed of transition process and development of democratic societies, some relevance can be found. In that case there is a point to be made on the relevance of the relationship between democracy and economic growth. The next section analysis the empirical evidence on CEE transition economies. Main economic indicators are being presented and the pace of economic reform highlighted. Here the issue to be discussed is not any more the speed and consistency of the reform process which is at least evident for the first group of accession economies, but the mere fact of the proximity and mutual political willingness for the EU entry. The fourth part highlights the obstacles and dangers for the CEE and other transition economies on the road to go. Cardinal aspects of the accession process and of regional integration are being presented as an issue that is still under intensive discussion. Derived from the convergence theory and the preconditions for economic growth under market conditions the hypothesis developed in this part is that the political issues within the transition economies and in relation to the accession to the EU are becoming dominant. The last section of the paper presents concluding remarks highlighting the main points presented in the paper.Težište članka je na nekim osnovnim problemima zemalja Srednje i IstočneEurope u vrijeme procesa priključenja Europskoj uniji. Pored toga, autor se učlanku bavi i nekim drugim tranzicijskim zemljama, problemima njihovih odnosai mogućeg priključenja Europskoj uniji.Članak započinje kratkom teoretskom pozadinom tranzicije i problemakonvergencije. Naglašeni su važnost ekonomskog rasta i političkog razvitka iznačaj demokratskog političkog razvitka u tranzicijskim ekonomijama, kaopotreba za postizanje održivog ekonomskog rasta. To se osobito odnosi nasrednjoistočne europske zemlje uoči priključenja Europskoj uniji.Drugi dio istražuje učinke demokracije na ekonomski rast. Uzmemo li uobzir sve tranzicijske ekonomije, uključujući novonastale tržišne ekonomije,izravan se odnos između demokracije i ekonomskog rasta ne može identificirati.No, kada se istražuju tranzicijske zemlje prema brzini tranzicijskog procesa irazvitka demokratskih društava, postoje neke relevantnosti. U tom se slučajumora dokazati relevantnost odnosa između demokracije i ekonomskoga rasta.Sljedeći dio sadrži empirijsku analizu za zemlje Srednje i Istočne Europe.Tu se prikazuju glavni ekonomski indikatori i ističe se brzina ekonomske reforme.Pitanja o kojima je ovdje potrebno raspraviti nisu više brzina i konzistentnostprocesa reforme, koje su očite barem za prvu grupu država koje se priključuju,nego je pitanje i sama činjenica blizine i zajedničke političke spremnosti zaulazak u Europsku uniju. Četvrti dio ističe prepreke i opasnosti za srednjoistočne i druge tranzicijskeekonomije na njihovome putu. Glavni aspekti procesa priključenja i regionalneintegracije prikazani su kao dio još uvijek intenzivne diskusije. Iz teorijekonvergencije i preduvjeta za ekonomski rast pod tržišnim uvjetima, u ovom jedijelu razvijena pretpostavka da politička pitanja unutar tranzicijskih ekonomijai u odnosu na priključenje Europskoj uniji, postaju dominantna.Posljednji dio prikazuje zaključne napomene vezane uz glavne problemeistaknute u članku

Uticaj dezificijensa na različite sojeve Listeria monocytogenes

The objective of this work was to determine which of the examined disinfectants represents the agent of choice for isolates of L monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin and if there are differences regarding sensitivity associated with specific serotypes. Disinfectant A (sodium hypochlorite + phosphates + alkali) did not exhibit a listericidal effect on any examined serotype, while disinfectants B (10 % hydrochloride of 1- dodecyl-1.4.7- triazooctane - 8- carbonic) and C (acidic iodoform with tenside- iodine complex)) exhibited a listericidal effect against most strains. Desinfectant B had the greatest effect at the highest working concentration (2 %) with a very significant difference (p lt 0.01) in comparison with the listericidal effect of disinfectant C. Analysis of the sensitivity of different serotypes of L monocytogenes showed that, despite evident higher or lower sensitivity to disinfectant B, the antigenic structure (seroype) was not related to the sensitivity of the examined strains. However, with disinfectant C, the greatest listericidal effect was exhibited on serotypes 3a and 112b, while it was smaller for other serotypes of L monocytogenes. Statistically very significant differences (p lt 0.01) and significant differences (p lt 0.05) were detected between the mean inhibition zones of most serotypes of L monocytogents. Therefore, the sensitivity of different strains of L. monocytogenes originating from foodstuffs of animal origin to disinfectants can be related to the antigenic structure, actually the serotype (C) or not (disinfectant B).Cilj ovog rada je da odgovori na dva vrlo značajna pitanja: prvo, koji od ispitivanih dezinficijenasa ispoljava najbolji dezinfekcioni efekat na sojeve Listeria monocytogenes, poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla i drugo, da li u pogledu osetljivosti L monocytogenes prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima postoje razlike uslovljene serotipskom pripadnošću. Dezificijens A (natrijum hypochlorit+phosphati+alkalija) nije ispoljio listericidni efekat ni prema jednom ispitivanom serotipu, dok su dezificijensi B (10% hydrochloride 1-dodecil-1,4,7-triazooctan-8-carbonska kiselina) i C (kiseli iodoform satensid-iodnim kompleksom) ispoljili listericidni efekat prema većem broju sojeva. Dezificijens B ispoljio je najviši baktericidni efekat pri najvišoj radnoj koncentraciji sa statistički vrlo značajnom razlikom (p lt 0,01) u odnosu na listericidni efekat dezificijensa C. Analizom rezultata osetljivosti različitih sojeva Listeria monocytogenes utvrđeno je da i pored evidentne ispoljene osetljivosti listerija prema dezificijensu B, antigensa struktura odnosno, serotip nema većeg značaja u pogledu osetljivosti ispitivanih sojeva. Medutim dezificijens C, najveći listericidni efekat ispoljio je prema listerijama serotipa 3a i 1 /2b, dok je prema ostalim serotipovima bio manji. Između aritmetičkih sredina zona inhibicije većine serotipova, utvrđene su statistički vrlo značajne razlike (p lt 0,01), odnosno značajne razlike (p lt 0,05). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je osetljivost različitih sojeva L monocytogenes poreklom iz namirnica animalnog porekla bila ispoljena prema dezinficijensu B, kao i da osetljivost listerija prema ispitivanim dezinficijensima zavisi od njihove antigenske strukture odnosno serotipske pripadnosti

Determination of the synthetic hydroxyapatite life circle used in dental practice

Dental materials are specific materials that were developed as a general materials for specific aplication in oral environment. To determinate the functional properties of this materials, we are obligated to use nonstandard approach and specific methods. In this study, two methodologies of material testing-artificial agging and quantification of visual informations for life circle assessment of hydroxyapatite (Hap) based materials, were used. Hap was chemically synthetized which produced the material with high purity and crystallinity. Artificially produced Hap is used in stomatology for repair of bone tissue, as a filling for periodontal defects, and as a preservative augmentation for alveolar ridges. In the mean time those materials are used for definitive root canal obturation in endodontic therapy procedure as an apical plug or as complete filling material. This research was focused on the analysis of the bonding properties of the Hap based materials to the root canal walls. The methodology of artificial agging was used together with the quantification of visual informations in purpose to quantify the Hap bonding properties and bonding quality. Experiments were done in-vitro, with the artificia saliva as the agressive agent. The experimental tooths were analyzed by the high resolution optical microscope for the morphological characterisation of the bonding layer. The model for the bond life circle assessment was developed. Hap based materials proved that has favorable properties for the dental use. The presented results proved that the combination of two methodologies (artificial agging and quantification of visual informations could be used as the tool for analyzing the material-dentine interaction

Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the sealing ability of GuttaFlow and Acroseal endodontic sealers

Introduction: The sealing ability of endodontic sealers to dentinal surfaces of root canals is an important feature of these materials. Root canal sealers are necessary to seal the spaces between the dentinal walls and the obturating core material. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the sealing ability of two endodontic sealers to dentin walls and guttapercha cones using scanning electron microscopic analysis-SEM. Materials and Methods: 24 recently extracted human single-rooted teeth were instrumented and allocated to two groups; root canals were filled with either GuttaFlow (Roeko,Germany), a new endo-sealer (group 1), or Acroseal (Septodont, France), a calcium hydroxide based sealer, (group 2). The sealing ability and adhesion properties of the sealer-dentin interface were studied using SEM. Results: The specimens filled with GuttaFlow showed smooth contact lines at the sealer-dentin interface, and this material also showed strong bonding and good adaptation to guttapercha cones. Acroseal showed good adhesion to dentin walls, and bonding surface was represented as a slightly curved contact line, with some gaps on material-dentin walls and guttapercha cones interface. Conclusion: New GuttaFlow material possesses strong sealing ability and excellent adhesion to dentin walls and guttapercha cones. Acroseal showed good bonding to dentin and slightly weaker adhesion to guttapercha cones, in comparison to GuttaFlow

GLOBALNA KRIZA, OPORAVAK I SVIJET KOJI SE MIJENJA

The global economic crisis that lasted mostly during the years 2008 and 2009 has been the worst since the Great depression. Although statisti-cally the crisis seems to be over in most regions, the way to recovery rea-ching the pre-crisis levels will be long, painful and uncertain. It has to be pointed out that in some countries around the globe not even by the year 2010 the crisis was not over. On the overall the rebound had been weak and globally uneven. There seems to be under way a strong shift of economic activities towards Asian countries. This is more than evident in the case of China and India. In order to evaluate the process of global development well, an under-standing of this process prior to the crisis, the sources of the crisis, the effects of the crisis and the recovery path should be analyzed. In this paper the focus is on some of those issues.In the fi rst chapter of the paper the global situation prior to the crisis and the effects of the crisis since its outbreak are examined. The scope are the main regions of the world and signifi cant countries underlining the dif-ferences in development approaches, main factors of growth and the broad levels of global linkages facing them. The following chapter focuses on the aspects and implicit polarization outcomes. In a world in which inequalities of income distribution and poverty are as it seems on the rise and have been aggravated by the crisis, invite for the reexamination of the basic theories at hand. This is being presented it the third chapter. The theories and espe-cially the neo-liberal approach are being confronted by the facts offered by economic reality. The concluding remarks of the last chapter of the paper provide further questions on global federalism, the constraints and possibi-lities under the implicit assumption that they might develop without drastic confrontations and radical nationalistic outbursts.Globalna ekonomska kriza koja je bila očitija tijekom godine 2008. i godine 2009. bila je najteža od Velike svjetske krize. Iako statistički izgleda da je najteže razdoblje krize prošlo, put oporavka iz krize na razine iz predkriznih vremena po svemu sudeći biti će dugotrajan, bolan i neizvjestan. Pri tome valja istaknuti da neke države svijeta nisu izašle iz krize niti u godini 2010. Promatrano u cjelini dosadašnji globalni oporavak bio je slab i neujednačen. Diferencijacija globalnog ekonomskog rasta ukazuje da se odvija snažan pomak gospodarskih aktivnosti u pravcu zemalja Azije. To je najočitije kada se promatraju države poput Kine i Indije.Da bi se donio sud o procesu globalnog razvitka, potrebno je razumjeti procese razvitka u razdoblju prije krize, utvrditi bitna izvorišta krize kao i procijeniti učinke krize te razmotriti mjere izlaska iz krize. Ovaj rad usredotočio se je na neka od ovih pitanja. U prvom se dijelu rada razmatraju prilike prije izbijanja krize kao i učinci krize po njenom izbijanju. Promatraju se glavne ekonomske regije svijeta kao i ključne države sa ciljem da se ukaže na razlike u pristupu razvitku, na glavne čimbenike rasta i bitne razine globalnih odnosa koji su uspostavljeni. U drugom poglavlju rada se razmatra pojavu globalne polarizacije i njene učinke. U svijetu u kojem dohodovne nejednakosti i siromaštvo čine konstantu, s pojavom krize i njenim posljedicama ove su se najednakosti samo pogoršale. Takvo je stanje izazov za preispitivanje prevladavajućih razvojnih teorija, o čemu se razmatra u trećem dijelu rada. U tom se dijelu neo-liberalna teorija sučeljava sa činjenicama iz ekonomske stvarnosti te se ukazuje na potrebu i načine revizije takvog pristupa. Zaključni dio razmatra neke ideje s pogledom unaprijed u kojem se traži drugačiji pristup razvojnoj teoriji kao i jasniji odnos države odnosno nacije u njenom širem okruženju. Moguće rješenje vidi se u globalnom federalizmu u svjetlu ograničenja i mogućnosti koje se mogu pojaviti na tom putu, a da se pri tom izbjegnu drastične konfrontacije i radikalne nacionalističke tendencije

Zaposleni u zdravstvu u transformaciji zdravstvenog menadžmenta

Introduction: The importance of studying management in one of the most sensitive and complex areas of human endeavor that is healthcare is of great significance for providing high quality and efficient easily-accessible healthcare in the future. Studying the challenges that need to be overcome towards achieving this goal is of great importance not only from the viewpoint of scientific management theory but primarily to help bring about strategically important decisions that are crucial for the continued evolution and reformation of the healthcare system, in which the employees have a new, much more complex role. The objective: was to more thoroughly study, describe and understand the role the employees have in the transformation of health care management. Material and method: During this research the material used was foreign and local literature, processed using the Analytical method as well as the Observation and Comparative methods. Conclusion: In the transformation of the health care management a very important role is played by the health care employees. Without the transformation of the current practice and significant changes in both the structure and work ethic of all the employees in health care services (nurses and people in management alike) there will be no improvement in the health care system overall.Uvod: Značaj proučavanja menadžmenta u jednom od najkompleksnijih i najosetljivijih ljudskih delatnosti kao što je zdravstvo od izuzetne je važnosti za budućnost pružanja kvalitetne i efikasne, svakom dostupne zdravstvene zaštite. Važnost proučavanja ove problematike bitna je ne samo sa gledišta naučne teorije o menadžmentu, već, pre svega, radi donošenja strateški važnih odluka za dalje funkcionisanje i razvoj novog, reformisanog zdravstvenog sistema u kome zaposleni u zdravstvu imaju novu, mnogo kompleksniju ulogu. Cilj rada je bio da se jasnije prouči, opiše i sagleda uloga zaposlenih u zdravstvu u transformaciji zdravstvenog menadžmenta. Materijal i metod: Prilikom istraživanja ove teme materijal za rad je bila strana i domaća literatura, obrađena korišćenjem Analitičkih metoda, a koristio se i Metod posmatranja , kao i Komparativne metode. Zaključak: Uloga zaposlenih u zdravstvu u transformaciji zdravstvenog menadžmenta je izuzetno kompleksna i važna. Bez temeljne transformacije dosadašnje prakse rukovođenja u zdravstvu i bez značajnih promena, kako u strukturi, tako i u radu svih zaposlenih u zdravstvenim službama, bilo da se radi o medicinskom ili ne medicinskom osoblju, neće biti ni poboljšanja u zdravstvenom sistemu u celini

Efekti fitogenog aditiva na histomorfometrijske karakteristike creva kod odlučene prasadi supklinički prirodno inficirane bakterijom lawsonia intracellularis

Proliferative enteropathy, also known as proliferative ileitis, is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases in pig production worldwide. The estimated losses per affected growing pig usually range from US $1 to$5. The disease is caused by Lawsonia intrawellularis, a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium. Control of the disease can be achieved with the use of vaccines or antibiotics. Recently there has been an increase in the efforts in the control of certain pathologies of the digestive system with phytogenic additives. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a phytogenic additive on the histomorphometric characteristics of the intestines in weaned pigs with a subclinical infection with L. intracellularis acquired spontaneously. Histomorphometry analysis showed that crypt depth was significantly shorter (P <0.05), and the villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (P<0.05) significantly greater in the treatment group than the control. This improvement in the histological parameters of the intestine, considered to be indicators of its health, proved the positive effect of the tested additive on the digestive system in pigs.Proliferativna enteropatija poznata kao i proliferativni ileitis smatra se jednom od ekonomski najznačajnih bolesti u svinjarskoj proizvodnji širom sveta. Procenjeni gubici po obolelom tovljeniku obično se kreću od 1 do 5 američkih dolara. Uzročnik ovog oboljenja je Lawsonia intracellularis, gram negativna obligatna intracelularna bakterija. Kontrola ovog oboljenja ostvaruje se primenom vakcinacije ili antibiotika. U poslednje vreme sve je češća primena fi togenih aditiva u cilju kontolisanja određenih patoloških stanja digestivnog trakta. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ustanove efekti fi togenog aditiva na histomorfometrijske karakteristike creva kod odlučenih prasadi supklinički prirodno infi ciranih L. intracellularis. Histomorfometrijska analiza pokazala je da su kripte bile značajno (P<0,05) pliće, a količnik visine vilusa i dubine kripti značajno veći (P<0,05) u tretiranoj grupi prasadi nego u kontroli. Ovo poboljšanje histoloških parametara creva, koje se smatraju indikatorima njegovog zdravlja, dokaz je pozitivnog efekta ispitivanog aditiva na digestivni sistem svinja

Meat safety in the climate change context

Climate change is a global phenomenon in the 21st century which may have impact on the occurrence of meatborne hazards at multiple points in the meat chain continuum, from the primary production through to consumption. The assurance of meat safety is a complex task, which requires strong inter-sectoral cooperation between relevant stakeholders such as Competent Authority, Academia, Food Industry and Consumers. The emerging food safety risks due to climate change may pose a serious challenge to the meat safety control system. Therefore, a better understanding of anticipated changes would be of the utmost importance for governments to ensure preparedness

Ispitivanje kvaliteta opturacije kanala korena zuba metodom gasne propustljivosti

Introduction. Prognosis of root canal treatment is highly dependent on the quality of endodontic space obturation. The main task of successful root canal treatment is to achieve adequate reparation processes in the apical periodontium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of root canal obturation using the method of gas (argon) penetration through three different endodontic materials. Material and Methods. Thirty recently extracted human single-rooted teeth after root canal instrumentation were divided into three identical groups and obturated with three different endodontic materials: group I - GuttaFlow (RSA, Germany), group II - AH Plus (DeTray, Germany), group III - Acroseal (Septodont, France). The quality of root canal obturation was evaluated using the method of gas permeability. Results. The best results were obtained with GuttaFlow. The average penetration rate of argon was 186.7 seconds. Slightly higher gas porosity had AH Plus, 179.9 seconds, while the highest gas permeability was observed after the application of Acroseal, 178.5 seconds. However, there was no statistically significant difference in gas penetration among these endodontic materials (p>0.05). Conclusion. All three endodontic materials showed gas permeability in a given time interval. The best quality of obturation was achieved with GuttaFlow, while the lowest quality was obtained with Acroseal.Uvod. Prognoza lečenja kanala korena zuba umnogome zavisi od kvaliteta opturacije endodontskog prostora. Uspešno izvedeno endodontsko lečenje omogućava i stimuliše odgovarajuće reparacijske procese u apikalnom periodoncijumu, što je osnovni zadatak svakog lečenja kanala korena zuba. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se metodom merenja prodora gasa (argon) kroz tri različita endodontska materijala utvrdi i uporedi dobijeni kvalitet opturacije kanala korena zuba. Materijal i metode rada. Trideset sveže ekstrahovanih jednokanalnih humanih zuba je nakon endodontske instrumentacije svrstano u tri identične grupe, nakon čega su opturisani primenom tri različita endodontska materijala: I grupa - GuttaFlow (Roeko, Nemačka), II grupa - AH Plus (DeTray, Nemačka), III grupa - Acroseal (Septodont, Francuska). Kvalitet dobijene opturacije kanala korena zuba ispitivan je metodom merenja gasne propustljivosti. Rezultati. Najbolje rezultate pokazao je endodontski materijal GuttaFlow, sa prosečnom brzinom prodora gasa argona od 186,7 sekundi. Nešto veću gasnu poroznost imala je pasta AH Plus, 179,9 sekundi, dok je najveća gasna propustljivost uočena nakon primene paste Acroseal - 178,5 sekundi. Međutim, između samih endodontskih materijala nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u brzini propuštanja gasa (p>0,05). Zaključak. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je kod sva tri endodontska materijala došlo do propuštanja gasa argona u određenom vremenskom intervalu. Najbolji kvalitet opturacije ostvaren je primenom GuttaFlow, dok je najslabiji rezultat dobijen nakon primene paste Acroseal

Transmission of common foodborne viruses by meat products

The most common foodborne viruses are single stranded RNA viruses which are adaptable and extremely resistant to environmental stress factors. Usual routes of food contamination are via stool material by persons shedding intestinal virus, or by saliva aerosols generated by shedding persons when coughing. Contamination of meat by animal viruses occurs when good hygienic and manufacturing practice fails. Once within food, viruses cannot replicate since they require living cells for this; hence food is not sensorily altered. Preventive measures in meat processing against pathogenic bacteria frequently have poor antiviral performance, while diagnostic techniques for viruses remain problematic