Managed Forgetting to Support Information Management and Knowledge Work

Trends like digital transformation even intensify the already overwhelming mass of information knowledge workers face in their daily life. To counter this, we have been investigating knowledge work and information management support measures inspired by human forgetting. In this paper, we give an overview of solutions we have found during the last five years as well as challenges that still need to be tackled. Additionally, we share experiences gained with the prototype of a first forgetful information system used 24/7 in our daily work for the last three years. We also address the untapped potential of more explicated user context as well as features inspired by Memory Inhibition, which is our current focus of research.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, preprint, final version to appear in KI - K\"unstliche Intelligenz, Special Issue: Intentional Forgettin

Schlesien versus Sparta. Gerhart Hauptmanns Besinnung auf schlesische Identität im Kontext der Rassenideologie

Mehrfach setzt der deutsche Dichter Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946) zwischen 1906 und 1942 Schlesien und Sparta in Beziehung. Im Reisetagebuch seiner Griechenlandreise erinnert ihn die Landschaft Spartas an die schlesische Landwirtschaftsidylle und eine Liebschaft während seiner Ausbildung in Lederose. Der veröffentlichte Reisebericht 'Griechischer Frühling' bezieht die Bevölkerungspolitik Spartas nach den Lykurgischen Gesetzen ein, die der deutschen Eugenik (von Hauptmanns Freund Alfred Ploetz 1895 als "Rassenhygiene" inauguriert) als vorbildlich galten. Zu einer Entgegensetzung von Sparta und Schlesien, in deren Landschaften er weiterhin Gemeinsamkeiten sieht, kommt Hauptmann 1922 in einem Paralipomenon zum Fragment gebliebenen Roman 'Der neue Chistophorus', wo der sein idealisiertes Selbstbild, den Bergpater, erklären läßt, spartanisches Freiheitsdrang werde in Schlesien nie heimisch sein. Vollends kritisch wird schließlich der Blick auf Sparta Ende der 1930er Jahre: Hauptmann begreift dann Schlesien als Land der Mischung und seine Familie als "Kolonisten"; es deutet sich in Tagebuchaufzeichnungen an, daß er Schlesien als Gegenmodell zu Sparta entwirft, dem (nach Ernst Baltrusch) "ersten totalitären Staat der Weltgeschichte", in dem Kunst - für Hauptmann das Maß aller Dinge - gegenüber der einseitig auf körperliche Tauglichkeit des Nachwuchses und Reinheit der Rasse ausgerichteten keinen Platz hat. Die Analogien zwischen der Rassenpolitik im Dritten Reich und Sparta (auch in zeitgenössischen Berufungen auf Sparta) nahm er wahr und lehnte beides ab

Comparative Structural Analysis of Human DEAD-Box RNA Helicases

DEAD-box RNA helicases play various, often critical, roles in all processes where RNAs are involved. Members of this family of proteins are linked to human disease, including cancer and viral infections. DEAD-box proteins contain two conserved domains that both contribute to RNA and ATP binding. Despite recent advances the molecular details of how these enzymes convert chemical energy into RNA remodeling is unknown. We present crystal structures of the isolated DEAD-domains of human DDX2A/eIF4A1, DDX2B/eIF4A2, DDX5, DDX10/DBP4, DDX18/myc-regulated DEAD-box protein, DDX20, DDX47, DDX52/ROK1, and DDX53/CAGE, and of the helicase domains of DDX25 and DDX41. Together with prior knowledge this enables a family-wide comparative structural analysis. We propose a general mechanism for opening of the RNA binding site. This analysis also provides insights into the diversity of DExD/H- proteins, with implications for understanding the functions of individual family members

Outcome of the First wwPDB/CCDC/D3R Ligand Validation Workshop.

Crystallographic studies of ligands bound to biological macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) represent an important source of information concerning drug-target interactions, providing atomic level insights into the physical chemistry of complex formation between macromolecules and ligands. Of the more than 115,000 entries extant in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive, ∼75% include at least one non-polymeric ligand. Ligand geometrical and stereochemical quality, the suitability of ligand models for in silico drug discovery and design, and the goodness-of-fit of ligand models to electron-density maps vary widely across the archive. We describe the proceedings and conclusions from the first Worldwide PDB/Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center/Drug Design Data Resource (wwPDB/CCDC/D3R) Ligand Validation Workshop held at the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics at Rutgers University on July 30-31, 2015. Experts in protein crystallography from academe and industry came together with non-profit and for-profit software providers for crystallography and with experts in computational chemistry and data archiving to discuss and make recommendations on best practices, as framed by a series of questions central to structural studies of macromolecule-ligand complexes. What data concerning bound ligands should be archived in the PDB? How should the ligands be best represented? How should structural models of macromolecule-ligand complexes be validated? What supplementary information should accompany publications of structural studies of biological macromolecules? Consensus recommendations on best practices developed in response to each of these questions are provided, together with some details regarding implementation. Important issues addressed but not resolved at the workshop are also enumerated.The workshop was supported by funding to RCSB PDB by the National Science Foundation (DBI 1338415); PDBe by the Wellcome Trust (104948); PDBj by JST-NBDC; BMRB by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM109046); D3R by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM111528); registration fees from industrial participants; and tax-deductible donations to the wwPDB Foundation by the Genentech Foundation and the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Cell Press via https://doi.org//10.1016/j.str.2016.02.01

Outcome of the First wwPDB/CCDC/D3R Ligand Validation Workshop

Crystallographic studies of ligands bound to biological macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) represent an important source of information concerning drug-target interactions, providing atomic level insights into the physical chemistry of complex formation between macromolecules and ligands. Of the more than 115,000 entries extant in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive, ∼75% include at least one non-polymeric ligand. Ligand geometrical and stereochemical quality, the suitability of ligand models for in silico drug discovery and design, and the goodness-of-fit of ligand models to electron-density maps vary widely across the archive. We describe the proceedings and conclusions from the first Worldwide PDB/Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center/Drug Design Data Resource (wwPDB/CCDC/D3R) Ligand Validation Workshop held at the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics at Rutgers University on July 30–31, 2015. Experts in protein crystallography from academe and industry came together with non-profit and for-profit software providers for crystallography and with experts in computational chemistry and data archiving to discuss and make recommendations on best practices, as framed by a series of questions central to structural studies of macromolecule-ligand complexes. What data concerning bound ligands should be archived in the PDB? How should the ligands be best represented? How should structural models of macromolecule-ligand complexes be validated? What supplementary information should accompany publications of structural studies of biological macromolecules? Consensus recommendations on best practices developed in response to each of these questions are provided, together with some details regarding implementation. Important issues addressed but not resolved at the workshop are also enumerated.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier (Cell Press) and can be found at: http://www.cell.com/structure/hom

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Abrufeffekte im Gedächtnis: Ein Überblick zur aktuellen Grundlagenforschung.

Der Frage, wie Erinnern das Gedächtnis formt, wurde in der Kognitiven Psychologie in letzter Zeit große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Testungseffekte, die in einer durch Gedächtnisabruf in der Folge verbesserten Zugänglichkeit von Gedächtniseinträgen bestehen, wurden in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere auch hinsichtlich ihres pädagogischen Potentials diskutiert. Neben erleichterter Zugänglichkeit kann Gedächtnisabruf allerdings auch Vergessen nicht abgerufener Information verursachen. Der aktuelle Stand der Grundlagenforschung zu Abrufeffekten wird in diesem Überblicksartikel dargestellt und eine integrative Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Arten von Abrufeffekten unter Berücksichtigung wichtiger Moderatorvariablen versucht

What stays in memory? Evidence on how an indicator of a motor impairment affects retention of performance contents

In einem Experiment wurde untersucht, wie die Bewertung einer schriftlichen Leistung und das Gedächtnis für deren Inhalt durch eine Information über eine motorische Beeinträchtigung der Verfasserin des Aufsatzes beeinflusst wird. Studentische Versuchspersonen lasen zunächst einen Aufsatz und sollten diesen anschließend bewerten sowie Fragen zu dessen Inhalt beantworten. Drei Bedingungen wurden verglichen. Eine erste Gruppe erhielt einen in ansprechendem Schriftbild handschriftlich verfassten Aufsatz. Die zweite und dritte Gruppe erhielten hingegen den gleichen Aufsatz in einem unsaubereren Schriftbild verfasst. Nur der dritten Gruppe wurde außerdem eine knappe Zusatzinformation gegeben, nach der die Autorin durch eine Diparese motorisch beeinträchtigt sei. Es ergaben sich zwei Hauptbefunde. Zum einen wurde der Aufsatz signifikant besser bewertet, wenn er in schöner Handschrift abgefasst war. Zum anderen beeinträchtigte die Zusatzinformation das Behalten des Aufsatzinhalts. Diese Befunde deuten an, wie vom Leistungsinhalt unabhängige Information über eine motorische Beeinträchtigung Leistungsbewertungen verzerren können. (DIPF/Orig.)In an experiment, we examined how grades for an essay written by a student as well as memory for its content are influenced by giving the information about a motor impairment of that student. Participants read an essay, subsequently grading it and answering questions concerning its content. Three conditions were compared. The first group received the essay in appealing handwriting. The second and third group received the same essay but in scrawly handwriting. Only the third group was additionally informed about a motor impairment of the author (diparesis). There were two main results. First, grades for the essay in appealing handwriting were significantly better as compared to scrawly handwriting. Second, the additional information impaired memory for the content of the essay. These findings suggest that information about a motor impairment can distort performance evaluation. (DIPF/Orig.

How Disability Stereotypes Shape Memory for Personal Attributes.

Two experiments examined effects of including an information about a disability in a person description on memory about that person’s traits. In Experiment 1, this information impaired correct recognition of traits of a person that had been described in correspondence to gender stereotypes. In Experiment 2, it induced false memories in accordance with stereotypes about people with disabilities. Participants’ false alarms for traits belonging to the dimension of warmth increased, whereas false alarms for traits belonging to the dimension of competence decreased. Thus, activating stereotypes through a disability prime influenced what could be recognized correctly or falsely was assumed to be recognized about a person