Plot by plot: plotting urbanism as an ordinary process of urbanization

With this paper, we analyse an ordinary urban process, which has received little attention so far and propose a new concept to take account of it: plotting urbanism. It is usually subsumed under terms like “urban informality” or “incremental urbanism” and not studied as a distinct process. In comparing Lagos, Istanbul and Shenzhen we captured four defining features of plotting urbanism: first, it unfolds in a piecemeal fashion with limited comprehensive planning. Second, it emerges from conflicts between multiple overlapping modes of territorial regulation, land tenure and property rights, which result in specific territorial compromises. Third, plotting is based on commodification of housing and land, which might accentuate socio-economic differentiations between property-owners, who often live in the same area, and their tenants. The term “plotting” highlights the key role of the plot in the process. It also alludes to strategic acts of collaboration for individual and collaborative benefit

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: Pathogenesis, Visual Prognosis, and Treatment Modalities

In branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), abnormal arteriovenous crossing with vein compression, degenerative changes of the vessel wall and abnormal hematological factors constitute the primary mechanism of vessel occlusion. In general, BRVO has a good prognosis: 50–60% of eyes are reported to have a final visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better even without treatment. One important prognostic factor for final VA appears to be the initial VA. Grid laser photocoagulation is an established treatment for macular edema in a particular group of patients with BRVO, while promising results for this condition are shown by intravitreal application of steroids or new vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. Vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous sheathotomy combined with removal of the internal limiting membrane may improve vision in eyes with macular edema which are unresponsive to or ineligible for laser treatment

Endemic plants and wild Allium species in Turkey

7th International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae -- MAY 21-25, 2015 -- Nigde, TURKEYWOS: 000392629000046The beginning of agricultural plant domestication dates back to as early as humanity. There have been many reports on the total number of plant species, each with varying numbers depending on the specific classification they used. The total number of plants is estimated to be about 400,000 species. Turkey has a broad biodiversity due to numerous microclimates because of its geomorphological structure causing diverse ecology. About 12,000 species are known to exist in Turkey including about 4,000 endemic species, both more than that of European countries. Regarding Nigde and its neighboring provinces, endemic species are reported to be 726 in Konya, 543 in Kayseri, 507 in Nigde, and 100 in Nevsehir. Some of these endemic species are classified as critically endangered (CR). Most of the endemic plants with narrow occurrence in steppe ecosystems fall into CR group. Turkey has numerous endemic plants, but some of them are endangered. About 600 endemic species in Turkey are classified in the CR group and about 700 in the group of Endangered (EN). As in some other countries, numerous endemic plant species were collected between 1992 and 1997, and conserved at the Gene Bank of Menemen, Turkey. The In-situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity National Plan was implemented to employ in-situ conservation of the species that are imperative for agriculture, food, economy and culture. Endemic plant species should be conserved to have them in the future generation not only in Turkey, but also in other countries on the Globe. Therefore, multinational genetic resources programs are still needed, especially for conserving wild plant species. Wild plant species are used by varying communities on the Globe. Plant breeders all over the world use wild types or relatives as germplasm for economically important traits to improve the cultivated species. Allium is one of the most significant types of plants used in the manufacture of curatives in Asia Minor. Because of their flavor, aroma and taste, Allium species are used in food as seasonings, and in folk remedy.Int Soc Hort Sc

The effect of vitamin C on ischemia reperfusion injury because of prolonged tourniquet application with reperfusion intervals

We examined the effect of vitamin Con muscle injury distal to the tourniquet which was applied for 4 hours with 10- and 20-minute reperfusion intervals after 2 hours of tourniquet. Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to 4 randomized groups. After 2 hours tourniquet, 10- and 20-minutes of reperfusion were allowed to half of each group respectively. Afterward an additional 2 hours compression was applied. Except the control group the animals received vitamin C intravenously, before the first tourniquet in Group 1, at the reperfusion interval in Group 11, and at both times in Group III. Malondialdehyde levels were measured in blood and the tibialis anterior muscle. The muscle was histopathologically examined. The data was evaluated statistically. The effects of timing and the dose of vitamin C on ischemia reperfusion injury remain controversial and there was no statistical difference between 10- and 20-minute reperfusion intervals. But the blood malondialdehyde levels showed that vitamin C has a positive effect on the muscle injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion

Members of Alliaceae; better source of plant lectins to combat resistance against sucking pests of crops

7th International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae -- MAY 21-25, 2015 -- Nigde, TURKEYWOS: 000392629000047Transgenic Bt crops were planted on an area of approximately 45 million hectares in combination with herbicide resistance trait in recent years. The available scientific literature does not show any concrete evidence of cry gene exhibiting resistance against sucking pest particularly in commercialized crops. Therefore, the common crop protection practice against sucking pests is the application of chemical insecticides both for transgenic and non transgenic crops. The increased pest status and resistance to chemical insecticides provide impetus for the development of alternative management strategies. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that specifically recognize glycans of glycoproteins, glycolipids or polysaccharides with high affinity and mediate various cell-cell and host-pathogen interactions, besides innate immune responses. The ability of plant lectins to control sap-sucking insects is considered as most significant as these devastating pests are unresponsive to insecticidal Bt genes and are constant threat to crops by damaging them directly or by acting as vector for different pathogens. Different researchers worldwide have established the successful efficacy of plant lectins against sucking insect pest in transgenic rice, tobacco, oilseed rape, potato, wheat, maize, chickpea and cotton. Among various plant lectins introduced in crops, the monocot mannose binding lectins i.e. garlic (Album sativum L. leaf agglutinin, ASAL), onion (Album cepa L. agglutinin, ACA), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L. agglutinin, GNA) has exhibited quite promising and significant resistance to jassids (Amrasca devastans), whiteflies (Bernisia tabaci) and aphids (Aphis gossypii). The present study focuses the research endeavours in various transgenic crops expressing plant lectins gene(s) against sucking pests of crop plants.Int Soc Hort Sc