O efeito da "sedação multifásica" no exame de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética em crianças, pais e anestesiologistas

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O nosso objetivo foi investigar o efeito da "sedação multifásica" em crianças submetidas à Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) ou Ressonância Magnética (RM), em seus pais e nos anestesiologistas responsáveis. "Sedação multifásica" foi definida como "o nível de sedação pretendido obtido com um ou mais agentes através da mesma via ou vias diferentes com mais de uma administração". MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Cem crianças e seus respectivos pais foram randomicamente designados para um dos dois grupos de estudo. Na fase 1, os pacientes do Grupo I receberam midazolam (0,5 mg.kg-1) em 5 mL de suco de frutas e os pacientes do Grupo II (grupo controle) receberam apenas suco de frutas. Na fase 2, após a canulação intravenosa (iv), bolus de propofol foi administrado para alcançar a sedação adequada para realização do exame de imagem. Os escores de ansiedade das crianças e de seus pais foram registrados usando a escala de Oucher e o IDATE, respectivamente, e a satisfação dos pais foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual (EAV). O número de tentativas para canulação iv, tempo de preparação e quantidade de hipnóticos foram registrados. RESULTADOS: O estado de ansiedade das crianças foi semelhante entre os grupos antes da pré-medicação, porém mais tarde esse nível foi menor no Grupo I. Antes do procedimento, o escore dos pais no IDATE foi semelhante, mas depois foi menor no Grupo I. A satisfação dos pais no Grupo I foi maior que no Grupo II. O número de tentativas de canulação iv e a dose necessária de propofol foi menor no Grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento de "sedação multifásica" diminui a dor e a ansiedade das crianças e a ansiedade dos pais, aumentando a sua satisfação. Ele fornece uma sedação confortável e segura, pois possui um processo de preparação curto e sem problemas também para o anestesiologista responsável

The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Diabetes-Related Oxidative Stress in Rat Lung

Objective: It is known that diabetes leads to depletion of the cellular antioxidant defense system and this causes the organ injuries related to the diabetic complications. Antioxidants have been shown to reduce indices of oxidative stress measures in experimental disease models and in humans. The present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress in lungs as well as the therapeutic effect of pomegranate juice (PJ), as an antioxidant, in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Material and Methods: Twenty seven rats were enrolled in the study where diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Rats were treated with either PJ or saline for 10 weeks, and their lungs were harvested for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation at the end. Protein carbonyl content (PCC), sialic acid (SA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities were measured in the pulmonary tissue as well as the presence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), through immunohistochemistry. Results: The pulmonary tissue in diabetic rats showed oxidative alterations related to the streptozotocin treatment. There was increased eNOS expressions in diabetic lungs, but PJ treatment diminished both eNOS expressions and inflammatory changes in pulmonary tissue. PCC and SA levels were higher in diabetic lungs (p<0.01) whereas SOD was lower (p=0.021) and GSH did not change significantly in comparison to PJ-treated diabetic group (p=0.374). Conclusion: The PJ treatment effectively reduced the oxidative stress and contributed to tissue recovery in experimental diabetic lungs. These findings would be of clinical relevance

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society