Patente Europeia de Efeito Unitário – Impacto no Desenvolvimento Económico Europeu

Tese de mestrado, Regulação e Avaliação do Medicamento e Produtos de Saúde, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2018O investimento na proteção de patentes tem em consideração múltiplos aspetos da realidade em que esta se insere e que influenciam o planeamento estratégico de modo a tornar certos países ou territórios, de maior interesse em termos de propriedade industrial. O mercado fragmentado de patentes e as diferenças significativas entre sistemas judiciais nacionais na União Europeia são prejudiciais para a inovação e comportam um grande peso na atividade das empresas que procurem proteção das suas invenções neste continente. Obter, aplicar e gerir patentes na União Europeia está longe de ser eficiente ou custo-efetivo. Estes motivos levam à necessidade da uniformização dos princípios jurídicos e procedimentos administrativos para unificar o mercado da Propriedade Industrial na União Europeia. É neste contexto de multiplicidade de fronteiras dentro da União Europeia que surge o tema central desta discussão: o Efeito Unitário. O Efeito Unitário da Patente Europeia, ou Patente Unitária, é um conceito em discussão há mais de quatro décadas e a sua implementação, a par da criação do Tribunal Unificado de Patentes da União Europeia, apresenta-se como uma solução ideal que usufrui de estruturas já existentes e processos conhecidos para sobre eles unificar a Patente Europeia a par do mercado e moeda únicos. Em suma, a via unitária deverá ser uma alternativa a ponderar pelo requerente, estrategicamente, juntamente com as tradicionais Patentes Nacionais e Europeia com validações nacionais, colmatando progressivamente uma lacuna grave na união da Europa como mercado aberto e único. O sistema terá um impacto tão relevante quanto o maior número de participantes envolvidos, quer de Estados Membro Contratantes que contribuem para a valorização do Tribunal Unificado de Patentes e da patente que tutela, como do número de requerentes que comprovará a qualidade, eficácia e eficiência do novo sistema para os restantes. A indústria farmacêutica está particularmente bem posicionada para ser pioneira no recurso ao Efeito Unitário da Patente Europeia, com produtos destinados a um mercado e estratégia globais, frequentemente associados a custos elevados de manutenção, complexidade na gestão dos seus direitos e custos judiciais de valores elevados, podendo representar uma redução de custos até agora incontornáveis na gestão de Propriedade Industrial.Investment in patent protection takes into consideration multiple aspects of the reality in which it is embedded and that may influence its strategic planning in order to make certain countries or territories of greater interest in terms of industrial property. The split patent market and the significant differences between national judicial systems in the European Union are harmful to innovation and put a heavy burden on the activity of companies seeking to protect their inventions on this continent. Obtaining, enforcing and managing patents in the European Union is far from efficient or cost-effective. These reasons lead to the need for the harmonization of legal principles and administrative procedures to unify Industrial Property markets in the European Union. It’s in this background of multiplicity of borders within the European Union that the core theme of this discussion arises: the Unitary Effect. The Unitary Effect of the European Patent, or Unitary Patent, is a concept under discussion for over four decades and its implementation, together with the creation of a Unified Patent Court for the European Union, presents itself as an ideal solution that benefits from existing structures and known processes to unify the European Patent over, alongside the current single market and currency. In short, the unitary route should be an alternative to be considered by the applicant in strategic terms, together with the traditional National and European Patent and national validations, progressively bridging a serious gap in the European unity as an open and single market. The system will have as relevant an impact as the greater number of participants are involved, either Contracting Member States that contribute to enhancing the value of the Unified Patent Court and the patent under its custody, and the number of applicants who will verify the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of the new system for all else. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly well placed to pioneer the use of the European Patent with Unitary Effect, with products destined for a global market and a geographically wide strategy usually associated with high maintenance costs, complex rights management and highly costly litigations, which may represent a cost reduction unavoidable up until now in Industrial Property management

Using Psychometric Testing Procedures for Scale Validity, Reliability, and Invariance Analysis: The PRETIE-Q Portuguese Version

This study investigated the psychometric nature of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity in physical activity. It initially re-examined the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) among Portuguese exercisers, looking at its applicability to different exercise activities and exercise experiences. Then, to investigate the applicability of the measure in different groups, its invariance was examined. The sample consisted of 1117 participants (528 male, 589 female) aged 18–81 years old (Mage = 36.81, SD = 11.89). All participants reported at baseline that they were exercising, on average, 3.93 days (SD = 1.36) per week. The exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) displayed the best fit. The ESEM did show invariance when tested for multigroup analysis. The conclusion of this research is that the ESEM demonstrated the best fit, displaying invariance in multigroup analysis. Furthermore, when assessing preference and tolerance in various exercise modalities, the PRETIE-Q should be primarily used as a multidimensional instrument due to the differential recognition of preference and tolerance in seemingly similar physical activity circumstances, highlighting the importance of employing context-verified measures to evaluate exercise-intensity preference and tolerance based on sample characteristics or real-time context.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Assessing affective valence and activation in resistance training with the feeling scale and the felt arousal scale : a systematic review

Evidence suggests affective responses to exercise can influence exercise adherence. However, there is a limited understanding of how and when to measure core affect in resistance training. As such, the objective of this systematic review was to analyze how the Feeling Scale and/or the Felt Arousal Scale have been used in resistance training to assess core affect. Focus was given to the contextual feasibility, timing, and frequency of assessment. A search in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO databases was conducted (last search date July, 2022) with the purpose of including experimental and non-experimental studies, utilizing the Feeling Scale and/or the Felt Arousal Scale in resistance training, and focused on apparently healthy individuals of any age. Twenty-seven studies (N = 718 participants) published between 2009-2022 were qualitatively analyzed. Both scales appeared to be able to detect core affect within a wide array of intensities, ages, and equipment. As for the timing and frequency of measurement, no apparent standardization was evident. The use of the Feeling Scale, the Felt Arousal Scale, or both, to measure core affect appears to be feasible in resistance training practices. However, a lack of methodological background raises concerns regarding the quality of previous studies' assessments and comparisons of results across studies

Set to fail: Affective dynamics in a resistance training program designed to reach muscle concentric failure

Grounded in hedonic assumptions, evidence suggests that people tend to engage in activities they consider pleasurable and enjoyable, while trying to avoid pain and displeasure. This suggests that the dynamic between positive and negative affect can influence current behavior and the intentions to continue performing. Regarding resistance training (RT), research focusing on how to promote a better affective response is still scarce and much needed. Given existing limitations and theoretical suggestions, a RT program was developed and applied to recreational exercisers in a quasi-experimental design aiming to (1) explore the affective response dynamic through an assessment after the last set of each exercise; and (2) analyze possible differences of preference and tolerance profiles in affective variables (core affect and enjoyment). For that purpose, 43 participants (21 male and 22 female; Mage = 34.69 ± 6.71 years; Mexperience = 8.32 ± 4.54 years; MBMI = 24.26 ± 2.64 kg/m2) accepted to participate in this study. Descriptive statistics, correlational, and group comparisons analyses were performed to provide evidence for proposed objectives. The present study showed that measures of affective valence/arousal applied immediately after a set represents a feasible and ecologically valid approach to tap core affect. Results presented evidence that recreationally trained exercisers in a common RT program would need a minimum of one measurement to assess the affective response. However, additional assessments could refine the understanding of exercise pleasurable experience. Results also suggest that exercisers with distinct profiles of preference/tolerance depicted differentiated patterns for the affective response, possibly justifying a distinct approach when promoting affective regulation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio