626 research outputs found
High-sensitivity imaging with multi-mode twin beams
Twin entangled beams produced by single-pass parametric down-conversion (PDC)
offer the opportunity to detect weak amount of absorption with an improved
sensitivity with respect to standard techniques which make use of classical
light sources. We propose a differential measurement scheme which exploits the
spatial quantum correlation of type II PDC to image a weak amplitude object
with a sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit imposed by shot-noise.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Simple model for 1/f noise
We present a simple stochastic mechanism which generates pulse trains
exhibiting a power law distribution of the pulse intervals and a
power spectrum over several decades at low frequencies with close to
one. The essential ingredient of our model is a fluctuating threshold which
performs a Brownian motion. Whenever an increasing potential hits the
threshold, is reset to the origin and a pulse is emitted. We show that
if increases linearly in time, the pulse intervals can be approximated
by a random walk with multiplicative noise. Our model agrees with recent
experiments in neurobiology and explains the high interpulse interval
variability and the occurrence of noise observed in cortical
neurons and earthquake data.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Non-classical Photon Statistics For Two-mode Optical Fields
The non-classical property of subpoissonian photon statistics is extended
from one to two-mode electromagnetic fields, incorporating the physically
motivated property of invariance under passive unitary transformations.
Applications to squeezed coherent states, squeezed thermal states, and
superposition of coherent states are given. Dependences of extent of
non-classical behaviour on the independent squeezing parameters are graphically
displayed.Comment: 15 pages, RevTex, 5 figures, available by sending email to
[email protected]
Social change and cycling as a form of sustainable transportation : the behavior-policy interaction in a medium-sized developing city
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-170).In developing countries, growth frequently parallels increasing motorization rates, and visions of mobility are often centered on the private automobile as the most flexible form of personal transportation and a symbol of increasing wealth. The pursuit of mobility in this form has severe social, environmental, and economic consequences, some of which can be mitigated by the promotion of alternative modes of transportation Cycling and other forms of human-powered transportation have benign environmental effects, improve physical health, and can positively affect the psychology of people who, by choosing this mode, are more active and spend time outside and engaged in their environment. Given these benefits, it not surprising that some medium-sized, developing cities are including cycling in their transportation plans.These cities experience significant barriers, however, in promoting cycling as a form of sustainable transportation. Much of the challenge involves effectively utilizing planning processes and tools, which are often imported and applied in a context where they were not designed to be used, to elicit more sustainable transportation behavior in the midst of rapid change. Solutions that come from these planning processes and tools (particularly infrastructure and other engineering- focused solutions) can be ineffective in promoting an alternative form of transportation.Addressing these shortcomings to elicit a change in behavior toward cycling as a form of sustainable transportation requires a new combination of planning tools and processes that can produce effective solutions.(cont.) In this thesis, I propose a three-step approach to induce behavioral change toward cycling, including: gaining an understanding of the barriers to bicycle use through attitude and perception analysis, improving the planning process through a visioning and backcasting exercise, and assessing and selecting the most appropriate modeling tools for the short-term and long-term promotion of cycling. I apply this approach using a single case study: Chihuahua, Mexico. Although I am unable to show a change in behavior in Chihuahua, initial results indicate that this adjusted approach does have promise in terms of inducing more behavior associated with sustainable transportation practices.by Tegin L. Teich.S.M.in TransportationM.C.P
Quantum optical coherence tomography with dispersion cancellation
We propose a new technique, called quantum optical coherence tomography
(QOCT), for carrying out tomographic measurements with dispersion-cancelled
resolution. The technique can also be used to extract the frequency-dependent
refractive index of the medium. QOCT makes use of a two-photon interferometer
in which a swept delay permits a coincidence interferogram to be traced. The
technique bears a resemblance to classical optical coherence tomography (OCT).
However, it makes use of a nonclassical entangled twin-photon light source that
permits measurements to be made at depths greater than those accessible via
OCT, which suffers from the deleterious effects of sample dispersion. Aside
from the dispersion cancellation, QOCT offers higher sensitivity than OCT as
well as an enhancement of resolution by a factor of 2 for the same source
bandwidth. QOCT and OCT are compared using an idealized sample.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Characterisations of Classical and Non-classical states of Quantised Radiation
A new operator based condition for distinguishing classical from
non-classical states of quantised radiation is developed. It exploits the fact
that the normal ordering rule of correspondence to go from classical to quantum
dynamical variables does not in general maintain positivity. It is shown that
the approach naturally leads to distinguishing several layers of increasing
nonclassicality, with more layers as the number of modes increases. A
generalisation of the notion of subpoissonian statistics for two-mode radiation
fields is achieved by analysing completely all correlations and fluctuations in
quadratic combinations of mode annihilation and creation operators conserving
the total photon number. This generalisation is nontrivial and intrinsically
two-mode as it goes beyond all possible single mode projections of the two-mode
field. The nonclassicality of pair coherent states, squeezed vacuum and
squeezed thermal states is analysed and contrasted with one another, comparing
the generalised subpoissonian statistics with extant signatures of nonclassical
behaviour.Comment: 16 pages, Revtex, One postscript Figure compressed and uuencoded
Replaced, minor changes in eq 4.30 and 4.32. no effect on the result
Modeling and simulation of heterogeneous real-time systems based on a deterministic discrete event model
Abstract In this paper, an approach to system-level modeling and simulation of a class of heterogeneous real-time systems the timing behaviour of which can be m o deled by deterministic discrete event systems is described. Examples of systems we consider are self-timed systems, synchronously clocked systems, and mixed asynchronous/synchronous systems. Our model is based on several extensions to the model of timed marked graphs. Basically, we augment this model by adding new schedule constraints such that we can express simultaneity, synchronicity, nite buering as well as arbitrary combinations of min-and max-constraints. We prove that these extensions allow ecient timing analysis and we show how to simulate realistic systems using the Ptolemy [3] design system
Dynamics of a Quantum Control-Not Gate for an Ensemble of Four-Spin Molecules at Room Temperature
We investigate numerically a single-pulse implementation of a quantum
Control-Not (CN) gate for an ensemble of Ising spin systems at room
temperature. For an ensemble of four-spin ``molecules'' we simulate the
time-evolution of the density matrix, for both digital and superpositional
initial conditions. Our numerical calculations confirm the feasibility of
implementation of quantum CN gate in this system at finite temperature, using
electromagnetic -pulse.Comment: 7 pages 3 figure
Entangled Electronic States in Multiple Quantum-Dot Systems
We present an analytically solvable model of colinear, two-dimensional
quantum dots, each containing two electrons. Inter-dot coupling via the
electron-electron interaction gives rise to sets of entangled ground states.
These ground states have crystal-like inter-plane correlations and arise
discontinously with increasing magnetic field. Their ranges and stabilities are
found to depend on dot size ratios, and to increase with .Comment: To appear in Physical Review B (in press). RevTeX file. Figures
available from [email protected]
From quantum cellular automata to quantum lattice gases
A natural architecture for nanoscale quantum computation is that of a quantum
cellular automaton. Motivated by this observation, in this paper we begin an
investigation of exactly unitary cellular automata. After proving that there
can be no nontrivial, homogeneous, local, unitary, scalar cellular automaton in
one dimension, we weaken the homogeneity condition and show that there are
nontrivial, exactly unitary, partitioning cellular automata. We find a one
parameter family of evolution rules which are best interpreted as those for a
one particle quantum automaton. This model is naturally reformulated as a two
component cellular automaton which we demonstrate to limit to the Dirac
equation. We describe two generalizations of this automaton, the second of
which, to multiple interacting particles, is the correct definition of a
quantum lattice gas.Comment: 22 pages, plain TeX, 9 PostScript figures included with epsf.tex
(ignore the under/overfull \vbox error messages); minor typographical
corrections and journal reference adde
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