Epidemiology of road traffic accidents - A Prospective study at a tertiary University Hospital in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

No Abstrac

Garotos alegres cantando Hoya Hoye: conotações bíblicas, sociais e culturais e simbolismo da celebração de Buhe na Etiópia

Buhe belongs to the major religious holidays of Christian Orthodox Tewahido community of Ethiopian. It commemorates the Transfiguration of the Lord Jesus Christ on Mount Tabor. This article will review all imaginable aspects of buhe. Only a handful of written accounts referring to buhe are at our disposal. Selected materials, private conversations and interviews with community members have been used in this study. Besides the description, the traditional boy’s song hoya hoye, has been thoroughly discussed. The reason why boys perform this functional song is to epitomize shepherds, who played at the foot of Mount Tabor, marking the day of Jesus’ Transfiguration. Audio materials derived from recordings made during fieldworks in Ethiopia in 2005, 2006, 2015 and 2016.Buhe pertenece a las principales festividades religiosas de la comunidad ortodoxa tewahido de Etiopía. Conmemora la Transfiguración del Señor Jesucristo en el Monte Tabor. Este artículo revisará todos los aspectos imaginables de buhe. Solo un puñado de cuentas escritas referidas a buhe están a nuestra disposición. En este estudio se han utilizado materiales seleccionados, conversaciones privadas y entrevistas con miembros de la comunidad. Además de la descripción, la canción del niño tradicional hoya hoye, ha sido ampliamente discutida. La razón por la que los niños interpretan esta canción funcional es para personificar a los pastores, que tocaron al pie del Monte Tabor, para marcar el día de la Transfiguración de Jesús. Materiales de audio derivados de las grabaciones realizadas durante el trabajo de campo en Etiopía en 2005, 2006, 2015 y 2016.Buhe pertence aos principais feriados religiosos da comunidade ortodoxa cristã de Tewahido da Etiópia. Comemora a Transfiguração do Senhor Jesus Cristo no Monte Tabor. Este artigo reverá todos os aspectos imagináveis do buhe. Apenas um punhado de relatos escritos referentes a buhe estão à nossa disposição. Materiais selecionados, conversas privadas e entrevistas com membros da comunidade foram usados neste estudo. Além da descrição, a música tradicional do menino, hoya hoye, foi amplamente discutida. A razão pela qual os meninos executam essa canção funcional é de sintetizar o papel dos pastores, que tocaram no sopé do Monte Tabor, marcando o dia da Transfiguração de Jesus. Materiais de áudio são oriundos de gravações feitas durante trabalhos de campo na Etiópia em 2005, 2006, 2015 e 2016

Maximality Theorems on the Sum of Two Maximal Monotone Operators and Application to Variational Inequality Problems

Let X be a real locally uniformly convex reflexive Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space X⁎. Let T:X⊇D(T)→2X⁎ and A:X⊇D(A)→2X⁎ be maximal monotone operators. The maximality of the sum of two maximal monotone operators has been an open problem for many years. In this paper, new maximality theorems are proved for T+A under weaker sufficient conditions. These theorems improved the well-known maximality results of Rockafellar who used condition D(T)∘∩D(A)≠∅ and Browder and Hess who used the quasiboundedness of T and condition 0∈D(T)∩D(A). In particular, the maximality of T+∂ϕ is proved provided that D(T)∘∩D(ϕ)≠∅, where ϕ:X→(-∞,∞] is a proper, convex, and lower semicontinuous function. Consequently, an existence theorem is proved addressing solvability of evolution type variational inequality problem for pseudomonotone perturbation of maximal monotone operator

Referral of Surgical Patients Abroad: A 5-years Review from a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Background: The general objective of this review was to determine the reasons for referral abroad of surgical patients at Addis Ababa University Medical Faculty, Tikur Anbassa HospitalMethods: The referral slips of patients who were referred abroad from September 2005 – August 2009 by surgical Department were collected and reviewed.Results: The study reviewed a total of 331 patents in the 5 year period mentioned. An average of 66 patients was referred per year. There was an over all male preponderance 183(55.3 %), majority of patients were in the age group 26 - 50 years (173).Most were residents from the Capital, 232 (70 %). Neoplastic diseases both benign and malignant account for 155 cases. Primary brain tumors either malignant or benign account for 74 cases. 97 of the cases had at least one surgical intervention done prior to referral. The overall trend is showing some decrement. The main reason for referral was for better surgical intervention (249). Referral for MRI which accounted for 16 of the referrals in the first 2 years was virtually non existent in the next 3 years.Conclusion: Most cases were form the capital, Neurosurgical cases have been referred more than any other subspecialties, neoplastic changes constitute the main reason for referral, and the overall trend seems decreasing along the course

Noncoercive Perturbed Densely Defined Operators and Application to Parabolic Problems

Let X be a real locally uniformly convex reflexive separable Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space X∗. Let T:X⊇D(T)→2X∗ be maximal monotone and S:X⊇D(S)→X∗ quasibounded generalized pseudomonotone such that there exists a real reflexive separable Banach space W⊂D(S), dense and continuously embedded in X. Assume, further, that there exists d≥0 such that 〈v∗+Sx,x〉≥-dx2 for all x∈D(T)∩D(S) and v∗∈Tx. New surjectivity results are given for noncoercive, not everywhere defined, and possibly unbounded operators of the type T+S. A partial positive answer for Nirenberg's problem on surjectivity of expansive mapping is provided. Leray-Schauder degree is applied employing the method of elliptic superregularization. A new characterization of linear maximal monotone operator L:X⊇D(L)→X∗ is given as a result of surjectivity of L+S, where S is of type (M) with respect to L. These results improve the corresponding theory for noncoercive and not everywhere defined operators of pseudomonotone type. In the last section, an example is provided addressing existence of weak solution in X=Lp(0,T;W01,p(Ω)) of a nonlinear parabolic problem of the type ut-∑i=1n(∂/∂xi)ai(x,t,u,∇u)=f(x,t),  (x,t)∈Q; u(x,t)=0,  (x,t)∈∂Ω×(0,T); u(x,0)=0,  x∈Ω, where p>1, Ω is a nonempty, bounded, and open subset of RN, ai:Ω×(0,T)×R×RN→R  (i=1,2,…,n) satisfies certain growth conditions, and f∈Lp′(Q), Q=Ω×(0,T), and p′ is the conjugate exponent of p

Environmental Sustainability and the First Demographic Dividend. The Case of Four Eastern African Countries

Sub-Saharan Africa faces immense challenges in spurring economic development and alleviating poverty, while these countries also should protect the environment amid population growth and industrial development. This study analyses the interrelationships between demographic change, economic growth, and pollution in four East African countries – Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda – from 1990-2019. Using panel data and econometric analysis, the paper examines whether declining fertility rates and parallel diminishing of the youth dependency burdens are associated with accelerated growth and rising emissions. The results affirm that falling fertility has opened a window of opportunity through the ‘first demographic dividend’, which can catalyse growth by increased shares of working-age individuals. However, this growth has been accompanied by rising carbon dioxide emissions, underscoring potential trade-offs between environmental and economic objectives. The findings highlight the importance of complementary health, education, governance, and sustainable production investments for countries to leverage their demographic dividends for inclusive and green growth. Successfully doing so will be vital to achieve multiple Sustainable Development Goals simultaneously

Assessing drought vulnerability and adaptation among farmers in Gadaref region, Eastern Sudan

Agricultural productivity in rural areas is severely affected by climate variability, and this elevates the vulnerability of rural households to food insecurity. This study examines the socio-economic vulnerability of farmers who are susceptible to droughts in the five agricultural-based regions of Gadaref, Eastern Sudan. A survey was carried out in 500 households to collect data on socio-economic and livelihood indicators. The data analyzed from these indicators were used to generate the three components of drought vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The analysis revealed that the regions deemed to be most vulnerable to both drought and climate variability were also projected to have the most vulnerable communities. The most exposed farming communities of Alfaw, Algadaref and Alfushqa regions showed a relatively low capacity for adaptation. Moreover, the study determined that vulnerability to drought and variability is associated with social and economic development in the Gadaref region. The results show that highly vulnerable regions are characterized by features such as low levels of productivity, elevated levels of financing, low crop diversity, agriculture as the primary income source and a low level of agricultural insurance. This research shows the importance of diversified livelihoods in building resilience against hazards linked to climate change

Metabolic Activation of Fluoropyrrolidine Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors by Rat Liver Microsomes

Abstract The current study evaluated the potential for two dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor analogues (MRL-A and MRL-B), containing a fluoropyrrolidine moiety in the structure, to undergo metabolic activation. The irreversible binding of these tritiumlabeled compounds to rat liver microsomal protein was time-and NADPH-dependent, and was attenuated by the addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to the incubation, indicating that chemically reactive intermediates were formed and trapped by these nucleophiles. Mass spectrometric analyses and further trapping experiments with semicarbazide indicated that the fluoropyrrolidine ring had undergone sequential oxidation and defluorination events resulting in the formation of GSH or NAC conjugates of the pyrrolidine moiety. The bioactivation of MRL-A was catalyzed primarily by rat recombinant cytochrome (CYP) 3A1 and 3A2. Pretreatment of rats with prototypic CYP3A1 and 3A2 inducers (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) and dexamethasone) enhanced the extent of bioactivation, which in turn, led to a higher degree of in vitro irreversible binding to microsomal proteins (5-and 9-fold increase, respectively). Herein, we describe studies which demonstrate that the fluoropyrrolidine ring is prone to metabolic activation, and that GSH or NAC can trap the reactive intermediates to form adducts that provide insight into the mechanisms of bioactivation