The Effect of the TyG Index on Liver Steatosis, Immune Activation, Oxidative Stress, Liver Fibrosis Pathways and Liver Fibrosis in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) Cohort

The purpose of this study was to establish the Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index Ln (fasting TG x fasting glucose/2) as a predictor of liver steatosis in People Living with HIV (PLWH) and determine the effect of increased TyG Index on biomarkers of immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and liver fibrosis. Four-hundred and eighty participants were selected from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort, two-hundred and eleven were PLWH, and two-hundred and sixty-nine were uninfected controls. Biomarkers were analyzed from blood samples collected at the FIU Borinquen Clinic. Primary research outcomes were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression, pairwise analyses, and ROC curves. The TyG Index was determined to be a good predictor of liver steatosis among PLWH and uninfected controls (AUC=0.738 and AUC=0.702), respectively. Participants in the High TyG Risk category were 4.638 times more likely to have liver steatosis than those in the Low TyG Risk category [95% CI:(2.075, 10.368)]. Greater TyG Index was associated with higher immune activation markers Ln sCD14 (β=0.080, P=0.050) and Ln sCD163 (β=0.164, P=0.008). Linear regression analysis found HIV infection to be associated with higher levels sCD27 (β=0.181, P=0.005), and liver fibrosis pathway biomarkers LnTGF- β (β=0.915, P These data indicate a consistent relationship between increased TyG Index and biological pathways that lead to liver fibrosis. As liver disease becomes a more prominent concern among PLWH, it is crucial for health care professionals to address markers of metabolic health, such as the TyG Index, as a means to effectively manage liver steatosis and avoid the development of liver fibrosis

Harnessing Technology Schools Survey 2009: data report - part 2, data analysis

This document sets out the details of the sampling processes and the methodology of the 2009 Schools Survey and the choices made in organising the analysis

Harnessing Technology Schools Survey 2009: analysis report

The Harnessing Technology schools survey (HTSS) report presents the key survey findings from the academic year 2008-09 set out according to the five system outcomes against which impact of the strategy was measured. The HTSS was an annual national survey of ICT in primary, secondary and special schools. (The data report that accompanied this analysis provides further details of the sample and the characteristics of respondents and is listed separately.

Engaging secondary school students in food-related citizenship: Achievements and challenges of a multi-component programme

© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Global food security and sustainability, animal welfare, dietary health, and socially just relations of food production have become prominent societal issues. They are of particular concern for young people as their lives progress towards becoming independent consumers and citizens with the capacity to shape food systems of the future. This paper examined the role of the Food for Life Partnership programme in promoting young people’s engagement with food-related citizenship education in secondary schools. The research consisted of a two stage study of 24 English schools. We surveyed experiences and attitudes of students and staff, and recorded programme activities. The results presented a mixed picture. Staff reports and monitoring evidence showed much successful implementation of programme activities across the whole school. However, there was less evidence of positive student behavioral change. Amongst a range of possibilities to account for the findings, one explanation is the organizational challenges of delivering a complex and ambitious programme in the secondary school setting. This suggests the need to develop food citizenship programmes that combine long term institutional reforms alongside focused interventions with specific groups of students. It also highlights the case for ensuring a place for food related citizenship on the educational policy agenda

Evaluation of the Carers in Employment (CiE) project: final report

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Harnessing Technology Schools Survey 2009: data report – part 1, descriptive analysis

This document, the data report, is a reference document which presents the data in tabular form for anyone who wants to examine the findings of the Harnessing Technology Schools Survey (HTSS) in depth, for example in relation to specific areas of technology or policy, or by school sector. The findings for each question are also set out by school sector by primary, secondary and special school sub-samples

Does moderate intensity exercise in the postprandial period attenuate the inflammatory response to a high-fat meal?

Master of ScienceDepartment of Human NutritionSara K. RosenkranzBackground: High-fat meals (HFM) have been shown to increase postprandial lipemia (PPL) and inflammation. Acute exercise both pre and post-meal has been shown to attenuate PPL and inflammation. However, studies examining the interaction of HFMs and exercise on PPL and inflammation have used meal and exercise conditions more extreme than typical for average adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if moderate intensity exercise following a "true-to-life" HFM would attenuate PPL and inflammation. Methods: Participants were thirty-nine young adults (18-40 years) with no known metabolic disease. Inclusion criteria consisted of participants meeting physical activity guidelines of ≥ 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or ≥ 75 min/week of vigorous activity, or < 30 min of planned physical activity per week. Participants were block randomized to EX or CON groups. Participants consumed a HFM of 10 kcal/kgbw. The EX group walked at 60% VO[subscript 2peak] to expend ≈ 5 kcal/kgbw beginning one-hour following the HFM. The CON group remained sedentary during the postprandial period. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 2, and 4hrs postprandially. Results: At baseline, there were no differences between EX and CON groups for any metabolic or inflammatory markers (p>0.05). Postprandial TRG increased ≈ 100% (p0.05). The EX group increased sVCAM-1 from baseline to 4hr (p=0.003), while the CON group did not. Change in TRG was associated with change IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α from baseline to 2hrs when controlling for VO[subscript 2peak] and body fat%. No other associations were seen between change scores for TRG and inflammatory markers. Conclusions: Despite significant increases in PPL following a HFM, moderate intensity exercise in the postprandial period did not mitigate the PPL nor the inflammatory response to the HFM. These results indicate PPL and inflammation following a HFM are not directly related in a young, healthy population with low metabolic risk

Summation of blood glucose and TAG to characterise the 'metabolic load index'

Citation: Emerson, S. R., Haub, M. D., Teeman, C. S., Kurti, S. P., & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2016). Summation of blood glucose and TAG to characterise the 'metabolic load index'. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(9), 1553-1563. doi:10.1017/s0007114516003585Research points to postprandial glucose and TAG measures as preferable assessments of cardiovascular risk as compared with fasting values. Although elevated postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic responses are thought to substantially increase chronic disease risk, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia have historically only been considered separately. However, carbohydrates and fats can generally 'compete' for clearance from the stomach, small intestine, bloodstream and within the peripheral cell. Further, there are previous data demonstrating that the addition of carbohydrate to a high-fat meal blunts the postprandial lipaemic response, and the addition of fat to a high-carbohydrate meal blunts the postprandial glycaemic response. Thus, postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia are interrelated. The purpose of this brief review is 2-fold: first, to review the current evidence implicating postprandial glycaemia and lipaemia in chronic disease risk, and, second, to examine the possible utility of a single postprandial glycaemic and lipaemic summative value, which will be referred to as the metabolic load index. The potential benefits of the metabolic load index extend to the clinician, patient and researcher