Avaliação e estratificação da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica quanto ao risco de morte súbita: uma revisão integrativa: Evaluation and stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as to the risk of sudden death: an integrative review

Introdução: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é uma condição genética autosômica-dominante, mais comumente causada por mutações de genes sarcoméricos, caracterizada pela hipertrofia miocárdica ventricular esquerda (HVE) de várias morfologias, com ampla gama de manifestações clínicas e alterações hemodinâmicas. É a causa mais frequente de morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) em jovens e atletas competitivos devido a arritmia ventricular fatal. Em alguns pacientes, entretanto, a CMH pode ter curso benigno. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar os fatores de risco de morte súbita associados à cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. Método: Foi realizada revisão integrativa a fim de estratificar e avaliar a história natural da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica em relação aos fatores de risco de morte súbita. Extraídos artigos científicos publicados no período de 2000 a 2022, das bases de dados – Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System online (MEDLINE/Pubmed), Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo) – utilizando-se do vocabulário livre e controlado indexados nos Descritores em Ciências de Saúde (DeCS) – Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, morte súbita, fatores de risco, morte súbita cardíaca. Foram selecionados estudos observacionais da língua inglesa. A presente revisão integrativa incluiu 23 artigos. Inicialmente encontrados 874 estudos, que passaram por uma seleção através da leitura de títulos, seguida pela exclusão de duplicação de trabalho, conseguinte de avaliação do resumo e, por fim, a análise dos artigos na íntegra, garantindo assim sua qualidade. Resultados: Os fatores de risco associados a morte súbita (MS) na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica foram: história pessoal de fibrilação ventricular (FV), MSC ou taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada; história familiar de MSC; síncope prévia inexplicada; taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS); espessura máxima da parede do ventrículo esquerdo de ≥30mm e resposta anormal da pressão arterial durante o exercício.  As evidências demonstraram a relevância de acrescentar ao algoritmo de seleção dos pacientes: a disfunção sistólica do VE, aneurisma apical de VE e o realce tardio extenso (RTG) na ressonância magnética cardíaca. Conclusão:  A estratificação de risco para MSC na CMH apresentou ampliação dos preditores. Existe a necessidade contínua de pesquisas em torno do tema para a instituição de medidas terapêuticas a fim de evitar desfechos fatais da doenç

Left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the preoperative for bariatric surgery

FUNDAMENTO: Obesidade é uma doença crônica, multifatorial, associada a aumento do risco cardiovascular, especialmente a insuficiência cardíaca diastólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em obesos graves em pré-operatório para cirurgia bariátrica, relacionando com os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a estrutura cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 132 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica, submetidos a avaliação ecocardiográfica transtorácica e dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo: 97 mulheres (73,5%), idade média de 38,5 ± 10,5 anos e IMC de 43,7 ± 7,2 Kg/m². Foram divididos em três grupos: 61 com função diastólica normal, 24 com disfunção diastólica leve e 47 com disfunção diastólica moderada/grave, dos quais 41 com disfunção diastólica moderada (padrão pseudonormal) e seis com disfunção diastólica grave (padrão restritivo). RESULTADOS: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, idade e gênero foram diferentes nos grupos com disfunção diastólica. Os grupos com disfunção tiveram maior diâmetro do átrio esquerdo, do ventrículo esquerdo, volume do átrio esquerdo em quatro e duas câmaras, índice de volume atrial esquerdo e índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo corrigido para a superfície corpórea e para altura. CONCLUSÃO: A elevada frequência de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo na fase pré-clínica em obesos graves justifica a necessidade de uma avaliação ecocardiográfica criteriosa, com o objetivo de identificar indivíduos de maior risco, para que medidas de intervenção precoce sejam adotadas. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially diastolic heart failure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the pre-operative for bariatric surgery, correlating it with cardiovascular risk factors and heart structure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 132 patients eligible for bariatric surgery submitted to transthoracic echocardiography assessment and of cardiovascular risk factors, as follows: 97 women (73.5%), mean age 38.5 ± 10.5 years and BMI of 43.7 ± 7.2 kg / m². Patients were divided into three groups: 61 with normal diastolic function, 24 with mild diastolic dysfunction and 47 with moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction, of which 41 with moderate diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern) and six with severe diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern). RESULTS: Hypertension, age and gender were different in the groups with diastolic dysfunction. Groups with dysfunction had higher left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left atrial volume in four and two chambers, left atrial volume index and left ventricular mass index corrected for body surface area and height. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the preclinical phase in morbidly obese patients justifies the need for careful echocardiographic assessment, aiming at identifying individuals at higher risk, so that early intervention measures can be carried out

Função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em obesos graves em pré-operatório para cirurgia bariátrica Left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the preoperative for bariatric surgery

FUNDAMENTO: Obesidade é uma doença crônica, multifatorial, associada a aumento do risco cardiovascular, especialmente a insuficiência cardíaca diastólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em obesos graves em pré-operatório para cirurgia bariátrica, relacionando com os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a estrutura cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 132 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica, submetidos a avaliação ecocardiográfica transtorácica e dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo: 97 mulheres (73,5%), idade média de 38,5 ± 10,5 anos e IMC de 43,7 ± 7,2 Kg/m². Foram divididos em três grupos: 61 com função diastólica normal, 24 com disfunção diastólica leve e 47 com disfunção diastólica moderada/grave, dos quais 41 com disfunção diastólica moderada (padrão pseudonormal) e seis com disfunção diastólica grave (padrão restritivo). RESULTADOS: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, idade e gênero foram diferentes nos grupos com disfunção diastólica. Os grupos com disfunção tiveram maior diâmetro do átrio esquerdo, do ventrículo esquerdo, volume do átrio esquerdo em quatro e duas câmaras, índice de volume atrial esquerdo e índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo corrigido para a superfície corpórea e para altura. CONCLUSÃO: A elevada frequência de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo na fase pré-clínica em obesos graves justifica a necessidade de uma avaliação ecocardiográfica criteriosa, com o objetivo de identificar indivíduos de maior risco, para que medidas de intervenção precoce sejam adotadas.BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially diastolic heart failure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the pre-operative for bariatric surgery, correlating it with cardiovascular risk factors and heart structure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 132 patients eligible for bariatric surgery submitted to transthoracic echocardiography assessment and of cardiovascular risk factors, as follows: 97 women (73.5%), mean age 38.5 ± 10.5 years and BMI of 43.7 ± 7.2 kg / m². Patients were divided into three groups: 61 with normal diastolic function, 24 with mild diastolic dysfunction and 47 with moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction, of which 41 with moderate diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern) and six with severe diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern). RESULTS: Hypertension, age and gender were different in the groups with diastolic dysfunction. Groups with dysfunction had higher left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left atrial volume in four and two chambers, left atrial volume index and left ventricular mass index corrected for body surface area and height. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the preclinical phase in morbidly obese patients justifies the need for careful echocardiographic assessment, aiming at identifying individuals at higher risk, so that early intervention measures can be carried out

Overview with Meta-analysis of Systematic Reviews of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in the Emergency Department

<div><p>Abstract Background: The high prevalence of CAD, as well as your impact on health expenditure and the various treatment options to reduce morbidity and mortality related to CAD, comes to develop a diagnostic tool precis and with important findings in the Emergency Department. Objetive: To conduct an overview with meta-analysis to compile evidence from multiple systematic reviews (SR) on the diagnostic and prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to assess acute chest pain in the emergency department (ED). Methods: We included SR of primary studies that evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of CCTA ≥ 64 channels in the ED. The studies were conducted in patients at low and intermediate risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Quality assessment was performed using PRISMA and approved reviews that scored ≥ 80%. Two authors independently extracted data using a standardized form. Spearman correlation test, Chi-square test, Cochran's Q test or Higgins and Thompson statistical I2 were used. For meta-analysis, "mada" package statistical software R Core Team, 2015, was used. The significance level adopted was 95%. Results: Four reviews were eligible for inclusion in this overview, resulting in 13 articles after applying the exclusion criteria, and only 10 of these were used for meta-analysis, adding up to a total of 4831 patients (mean age, 54 ± 6 years; 51% male), of whom 46% were hypertensive, 32% had dyslipidemia, 13% had diabetes and 26% had a family history of premature CAD. In the meta-analysis, 9 studies defined CCTA positive in the presence of luminal lesions ≥ 50%, while 1 study defined it as luminal lesions ≥ 70%. Sensitivity ranged from 77% to 98%, and specificity, from 73% to 100%. The univariate analysis showed homogeneity of diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) [Q = 8.5 (df = 9), p = 0.48 and I2 = 0%]. The pooled mean DOR for CCTA in primary analyses was 4.33 (95% CI: 3.47 - 5.18). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.982 (95% CI: 0.967 - 0.999). There was no death, 29 (0.6%) infarcts, 92 (1.9%) revascularizations and 312 (6.4%) invasive coronary angiographies. The diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome occurred in 7.3% of the 1655 patients included in the meta-analysis. Conclusions: The use of CCTA as a tool for stratification of patients at low or intermediate cardiovascular risk, who are in the ED with chest pain, has high accuracy, safety, reduces length of hospital stay and probably the costs, producing an early diagnosis and more effective decision making. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p></div

Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia in Obese Individuals Undergoing Physical Stress Echocardiography (PSE)

Background: Physical stress echocardiography is an established methodology for diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease in patients with physical capacity. In obese (body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m2) the usefulness of pharmacological stress echocardiography has been demonstrated; however, has not been reported the use of physical stress echocardiography in this growing population group. Objective: To assess the frequency of myocardial ischemia in obese and non-obese patients undergoing physical stress echocardiography and compare their clinical and echocardiographic differences. Methods: 4,050 patients who underwent treadmill physical stress echocardiography were studied according to the Bruce protocol, divided into two groups: obese (n = 945; 23.3%) and non-obese (n = 3,105; 76.6%). Results: There was no difference regarding gender. Obese patients were younger (55.4 &#177; 10.9 vs. 57.56 &#177; 11.67) and had a higher frequency of hypertension (75.2% vs. 57, 2%; p < 0.0001), diabetis mellitus (15.2% vs. 10.9%; p < 0.0001), dyslipidemia (59.5% vs 51.9%; p < 0.0001), family history of coronary artery disease (59.3% vs. 55.1%; p = 0.023) and physical inactivity (71.4% vs. 52.9%, p < 0.0001). The obese had greater aortic dimensions (3.27 vs. 3.14 cm; p < 0.0001), left atrium (3.97 vs. 3.72 cm; p < 0.0001) and the relative thickness of the ventricule (33.7 vs. 32.8 cm; p < 0.0001). Regarding the presence of myocardial ischemia, there was no difference between groups (19% vs. 17.9%; p = 0.41). In adjusted logistic regression, the presence of myocardial ischemia remained independently associated with age, female gender, diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion: Obesity did not behave as a predictor of the presence of ischemia and the physical stress echocardiography. The application of this assessment tool in large scale sample demonstrates the feasibility of the methodology, also in obese

Physical Stress Echocardiography: Prediction of Mortality and Cardiac Events in Patients with Exercise Test showing Ischemia

Background: Studies have demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of physical stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease. However, the prediction of mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia is limited. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of physical stress echocardiography in the prediction of mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort in which 866 consecutive patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia, and who underwent physical stress echocardiography were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: with physical stress echocardiography negative (G1) or positive (G2) for myocardial ischemia. The endpoints analyzed were all-cause mortality and major cardiac events, defined as cardiac death and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction. Results: G2 comprised 205 patients (23.7%). During the mean 85.6 ± 15.0-month follow-up, there were 26 deaths, of which six were cardiac deaths, and 25 non-fatal myocardial infarction cases. The independent predictors of mortality were: age, diabetes mellitus, and positive physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio: 2.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.20 - 6.01; p = 0.016). The independent predictors of major cardiac events were: age, previous coronary artery disease, positive physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio: 2.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.15 - 6.53; p = 0.022) and absence of a 10% increase in ejection fraction. All-cause mortality and the incidence of major cardiac events were significantly higher in G2 (p < 0. 001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Physical stress echocardiography provides additional prognostic information in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia