Internet Commerce As a Possible Direction for the Development of Entrepreneurship Supply Chain and Information Management

Information and communications technology in supply chain management has enabled corporations to use offshore facilities for outsourcing commercial activities. One of the current trends in the global economic space is the formation of an information economy that allows fulfilling the requirements for the interaction organization between business entities at a high organizational level. At the same time, the traditional economy is significantly lagging behind in the development of new economic trends such as digitalization, supply chain and information management, which necessitates to create effective measures aimed at developing the economic information space: in particular, the Internet entrepreneurship supply chain management. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including test analysis method, logical-structural and causal analysis, as well as synthesis of literature, strategic analysis method, content analysis, applied economic and statistical methods, and sociological survey. Using these methods allowed determining the set of factors affecting the growth and development of the Internet entrepreneurship supply chain. We classified e-commerce models according to various criteria, formed different directions of the impact of government regulation on the e-commerce market and information management in the supply chain system. The identification of factors holding back the development of e-commerce made it possible to determine the nature of their negative impact on the development of the Internet entrepreneurship supply chain and to give some recommendations on improving the efficiency of state regulation of this sphere and ensuring its greater attractiveness in the minds of consumers. Application of the obtained results will make it possible to prepare regulatory and program documents in the field of state regulation of the Internet entrepreneurship supply chain and determine possible directions for its development in the future

Time-Resolved Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of an α‑Chymotrypsin Catalyzed Reaction

Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy offers great potential for studying enzyme kinetics. A number of fluorescence reporter systems allow for monitoring the sequence of individual reaction events with a confocal microscope. When using a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) detection scheme, additional information about the fluorescence lifetimes of the fluorophores can be obtained. We have applied a TCSPC detection scheme for studying the kinetics of α-chymotrypsin hydrolyzing a double-substituted rhodamine 110-based fluorogenic substrate in a two-step reaction. On the basis of the lifetime information, it was possible to discriminate the intermediate and the final product. At the high substrate concentration used, only the formation of the intermediate was observed. No rebinding of the intermediate followed by rhodamine 110 formation occurred at these high concentrations. We have further found no alterations in the fluorescence lifetime of this intermediate that would indicate changes in the local environment of the fluorophore originating from strong interactions with the enzyme. Our results clearly show the power of using lifetime-resolved measurements for investigating enzymatic reactions at the single molecule level

Simultaneous Electropolymerization and Electro-Click Functionalization for Highly Versatile Surface Platforms

Simple preparation methods of chemically versatile and highly functionalizable surfaces remain rare and present a challenging research objective. Here, we demonstrate a simultaneous electropolymerization and electro-click functionalization process (SEEC) for one-pot self-construction of aniline- and naphthalene-based functional polymer films where both polymerization and click functionalization are triggered by applying electrochemical stimuli. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) can be applied for the simultaneous oxidation of 4-azido­aniline and the reduction of Cu(II) ions, resulting in polymerization of the former, and the Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne/azide cycloaddition (“click” chemistry). Properties of the films obtained can be tuned by varying their morphology, their chemically “clicked” content, or by postconstruction functionalization. To demonstrate this, the CV scan rates, component monomers, and “clicked” molecules were varied. Covalent postconstruction immobilization of horseradish peroxidase was also performed. Consequently, pseudo­capacitance and enzyme activity were affected. SEEC provides surface scientists an easy access to a wide range of functionalization possibilities in several fields including sensors, fuel cells, photovoltaics, and biomaterials

Dynamic Disorder in Single-Enzyme Experiments: Facts and Artifacts

Using a single-molecule fluorescence approach, the time series of catalytic events of an enzymatic reaction can be monitored, yielding a sequence of fluorescent “on”- and “off”-states. An accurate on/off-assignment is complicated by the intrinsic and extrinsic noise in every single-molecule fluorescence experiment. Using simulated data, the performance of the most widely employed binning and thresholding approach was systematically compared to change point analysis. It is shown that the underlying on- and off-histograms as well as the off-autocorrelation are not necessarily extracted from the “signal’’ buried in noise. The shapes of the on- and off-histograms are affected by artifacts introduced by the analysis procedure and depend on the signal-to-noise ratio and the overall fluorescence intensity. For experimental data where the background intensity is not constant over time we consider change point analysis to be more accurate. When using change point analysis for data of the enzyme α-chymotrypsin, no characteristics of dynamic disorder was found. In light of these results, dynamic disorder might not be a general sign of enzymatic reactions

Time-Resolved Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of an alpha-Chymotrypsin Catalyzed Reaction

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Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)