Acción génica y genes que otorgan resistencia a roya de la hoja en trigo cristalino

La roya de la hoja, causada por el hongo Puccnia triticina E., es una enfermedad que cuando se presenta, genera pérdidas hasta del 100 % en el rendimiento de grano del trigo cristalino (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.). Como medida de protección genética en la construcción piramidal de nuevos genotipos resistentes es necesario identificar en el germoplasma con resistencia a esta enfermedad, el número de genes involucrados y su acción génica. Con este propósito, durante el ciclo de cultivo otoño-invierno 2017- 2018, se cruzaron los progenitores susceptibles Atred#1 y Atred#2 con las líneas resistentes de trigo cristalino procedentes de Etiopía WC-2 no. 100, DW-K2 no. 47, Oda, 2000/01 population FR. no. 43, 2000/01 population 37-30 BDI no. 63 y 2000/01 population 37-30 BDI no. 12. Las generaciones filiales de las cruzas se obtuvieron alternadamente en CIMMYT-Batán, Estado de México y CIMMYT-CENEB, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, hasta obtener las Familias F3 y F4. Con base en los análisis de segregantes de tales familias, se encontró que, en las seis líneas etíopes, la resistencia a la roya de la hoja es conferida por dos genes dominantes

Genetic Diversity of <em>Coffea arabica</em> L.: A Genomic Approach

Coffea arabica L. produces a high-quality beverage, with pleasant aroma and flavor, but diseases, pests and abiotic stresses often affect its yield. Therefore, improving important agronomic traits of this commercial specie remains a target for most coffee improvement programs. With advances in genomic and sequencing technology, it is feasible to understand the coffee genome and the molecular inheritance underlying coffee traits, thereby helping improve the efficiency of breeding programs. Thanks to the rapid development of genomic resources and the publication of the C. canephora reference genome, third-generation markers based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have gradually been identified and assayed in Coffea, particularly in C. arabica. However, high-throughput genotyping assays are still needed in order to rapidly characterize the coffee genetic diversity and to evaluate the introgression of different cultivars in a cost-effective way. The DArTseq™ platform, developed by Diversity Arrays Technology, is one of these approaches that has experienced an increasing interest worldwide since it is able to generate thousands of high quality SNPs in a timely and cost-effective manner. These validated SNP markers will be useful to molecular genetics and for innovative approaches in coffee breeding

In vitro conservation of Vanilla planifolia hybrids in minimal growth conditions

ABSTRACT Objective: In vitro conservation with minimal growth in interspecific hybrids of Vanilla planifolia. Design / Methodology / Approach: Explants from seven interspecific V. planifolia hybrids were used with parents of different origins. The treatments were different doses of mannitol and sucrose in the culture medium that varied from 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g l-1. The number of nodes, shoots and roots was recorded every 30 days for six months. Results: The results indicated that 30 g l-1 of mannitol and without sucrose in the culture medium allowed minimal growth for most hybrids. It was found that with a higher content of mannitol and less sucrose, the length, number of between nodes, shoots and roots of the explants were shorter, results that were different between treatments (P?0.05). Limitations of the study / implications: There is a differential behavior between the biological material and the culture media used, especially when it comes to hybrids due to the new genetic combinations that are generated, so for their conservation the components of the culture medium must be adjusted. Findings/conclusions: It is concluded that the mannitol at 30 g l-1 and without sucrose in the in vitro culture medium of vanilla hybrids is able to reduce its growth significantly during 180 days.Key words: Ex situ conservation, in vitro culture, Vanilla planifolia, mannitol.Objective: To maintain minimal growth in in vitro Vanilla planifolia hybrids. Design/Methodology/Approach: Explants of seven interspecific hybrids of V. planifolia with different origin parents were used. The treatments consisted of different doses of mannitol and sucrose in the culture medium which varied from 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g L-1.The number of nodes, shoots and roots was recorded every 30 d for six months. Results: 30 g L-1 mannitol and no sucrose in the culture medium allowed minimal growth in most of the hybrids. The higher the mannitol and lower the sucrose content, the length, number of between nodes, shoots and roots of the explants was lower (P?0.05). Limitations of the study/implications: There is a differential behavior between the biological material and the used culture medium, particularly in hybrids, due to their new genetic combinations. Therefore, for their conservation, the culture medium components must be adjusted. Conclusions: 30 g L-1 mannitol without sucrose in in vitro culture medium significantly reduces growth during 180 d in vanilla hybrids

Calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios del nanche rojo (Malpighia mexicana, Malpighiaceae)

Background and Aims: Wild red nanche develops in both temperate and tropical areas. In Mexico, it has been used as an ornamental and medicinal plant since pre-Hispanic times; however, little is known about its morphology. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize the morphological quality of fruits and endocarps of red nanche collected in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico.Methods: Three study areas were located, but fruits were found in the municipality of Santiago Matatlán only. These were collected and transferred to the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. For evaluation of the morphological quality of fruit and endocarps, four replications of 100 fruits were selected by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). With the obtained data, an analysis of measures of central tendency was performed using the SAS statistical package.Key results: The results indicated that the fruits of red nanche are large, oblate-shaped, the color of the epicarp is cherry to purple, that of the mesocarp pink to lilac, they taste sweet, and show adequate firmness and quantity of ascorbic acid. The fruit has three fibrous endocarps, is cone to triangular-shaped and has one to two embryos. The embryo is cream colored without endosperm, the cotyledons are bent at the apex and the radicle is present at the other side . It is protected by a thin brown colored integument.Conclusions: Variation was observed in the morphological characteristics. The fruits have food potential and quality for export.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El nanche rojo silvestre se desarrolla en climas templados y tropicales. En México, desde tiempos prehispánicos se ha utilizado como ornamental y medicinal; sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre su morfología. Por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios de nanche rojo, de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México.Métodos: Se ubicaron tres zonas de estudio, pero solo en el municipio de Santiago Matatlán se encontraron frutos, los cuales fueron recolectados y trasladados al Laboratorio de Análisis de Semillas del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Para la evaluación de la calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios, se seleccionaron mediante un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) cuatro repeticiones de 100 frutos. Con los datos obtenidos se realizó un análisis de medidas de tendencia central, utilizando el paquete estadístico SAS.Resultados clave: Los resultados encontrados indicaron que los frutos del nanche rojo son grandes, tienen forma de oblato, el color del epicarpio es guinda a morado, el del mesocarpio rosa a lila, de sabor dulce, con adecuada firmeza y cantidad de ácido ascórbico. El fruto tiene tres endocarpios fibrosos, de forma cono-triangular, y de uno a dos presentan embrión. El embrión es de color crema y no posee endospermo, los cotiledones doblados están en el ápice y en el otro extremo se encuentra la radícula. Está protegido por un tegumento delgado color café.Conclusiones: Se observó variación en las características morfológicas. Los frutos tienen potencial alimenticio y calidad de exportación

Metabolomic study of volatile compounds in the pigmented fruit from Mexico Crataegus genotypes

Crataegus is distributed worldwide and presents a phenotypic diversity in size, shape, color and aroma of the fruit. The objective of this study was to identify genotypes of Crataegus with a similar profile of volatile compounds by means of a metabolomic study. In addition, the content of pigment was evaluated to contribute to the agronomic, medicinal and chemotaxonomic value. Color determination, total carotenoids (TC) and total anthocyanins (TA) were determined in the exocarp and mesocarp of fresh fruits by means of spectrophotometry. The volatile compounds were determined by Low Temperature Plasma coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS). A total of 75 volatile compounds were detected, according to abundance and mass-to-charge ratio, which by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and selection of variables; genotypes were grouped according to size and origin. The pigment content was related to the physical color of the fruit. The highest concentration of carotenoids was 42.35 μg·g-1 FW. in the genotype PO5, and 992.34 μg·g-1 FW for anthocyanins in the genotype CH18, concentrations of both compounds found in the exocarp of the fruit

Textural, chemical and sensorial properties of maize tortillas fortified with nontoxic Jatropha curcas L. flour

Hunger and malnutrition still affecting part of the Mexican population, for whom the tortilla is a staple food. However, maize tortillas are high in calories but deficient in proteins; therefore, studies have been conducted to fortify tortillas, with protein-rich nonconventional sources. This study examines the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of dough and maize tortillas fortified with nontoxic Jatropha curcas flour. Fortified maize doughs were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% J. curcas nontoxic flour, which contains 55% protein. Tortillas were made and their chemical profile and tortilla quality were quantified and subjected to sensorial analysis. Rheological characteristics of dough were slightly modified but the protein in the tortillas increased 10.8% with treatment T20. They did not change in color, were soft, and consumer acceptance was not affected. It is concluded that nontoxic J. curcas flour is an excellent option for increasing the protein value of tortillas

Extracción nutrimental en fresa ("Fragaria x ananassa" Duch.)

The strawberry is grown in virtually everyone reaches a production of 2.5 million tons, of which 228 900 t Mexico provides that place it as fourth producer. One of the main problems facing agricultural management is nutrition, so evaluate the total demand for plant nutrients and absorption dynamics is important in determining fertilization plans that allow synchronization between supply and demand cultivation. With the objective of quantifying the nutrient extraction strawberry cv. Roxana, elaborate curves meet nutrient extraction and distribution of dry matter in the plant field-level leaf biomass, crown, stolon, root, flower and fruit was quantified in addition to the removal of N, P, K , Ca and Mg at 30, 62, 124, 184 and 255 days after transplantation (DAT). The stolon accumulated the most biomass (4 736.04 kg ha-1), the curves of dry matter accumulation and nutrient removal followed a similar pattern. During the development of stolons, flowers and fruits (184 and 255 DAT), one nutrient absorption greater than 50% occurred. The extraction of macro-nutrients in kg ha-1 of N was 174, P 57.2, K 237.6, 250.9 and 185.7 of Ca Mg.La fresa se cultiva en prácticamente todo el mundo, alcanza una producción de 2.5 millones de toneladas; de las que México aporta228 900 t que lo ubican como cuarto productor. Uno de los principales problemas de manejo agronómico que enfrenta es la nutrición, por lo que evaluar la demanda total de nutrimentos de las plantas y su dinámica de absorción es importante para determinar los planes de fertilización que permitan la sincronización entre el abastecimiento y la demanda del cultivo. Con los objetivos de cuantificar la extracción nutrimental de fresa cv. Roxana, elaborar las curvas de extracción nutrimental y conocer la distribución de materia seca en la planta; a nivel de campo se cuantificó la biomasa en hoja, corona, estolón, raíz, flor y fruto; además de la extracción de N, P, K, Ca y Mg a los 30, 62, 124, 184 y 255 días después del trasplante (ddt). El estolón acumuló la mayor cantidad de biomasa (4 736.04 kg ha-1), las curvas de acumulación de materia seca y de extracción nutrimental siguieron un patrón similar. Durante el desarrollo de estolones, flores y frutos (184 y 255 ddt), se presentó una absorción nutrimental superior a 50%. La extracción de macronutrimentos en kg ha-1 fue de 174 de N, 57.2 de P, 237.6 de K, 250.9 de Ca y 185.7 de Mg

Calidad pozolera en poblaciones de maíz Cacahuacintle de los Valles Altos de Puebla, México

The Cacahuacintle maize race (CM) is confined to specific ecological niches and has been minimally studied at intra-racial level in aspects of quality for pozole however its specific culinary use in Mexican cuisine ranks it as a profitable agricultural option for farmers in the highlands of Mexico. This study aimed to identify outstanding locations in quality for pozole (QFP) in Cacahuacintle maize collections of High Valleys of Puebla (CMHVP). CMHVP populations, CM populations from the State of Mexico and as quality control, a population of Cónico maize and another of Ancho maize were used. Morphological and physical characterization of grain was applied in all populations, the quality assessment for pozole, amylose content and pasting properties (PP) only in populations selected by grain shape and controls. Globose rounded (86%) was the predominant grain shape, typical of Cacahuacintle maize. Average values of the grain physical variables in CM populations were 540.6 g thousand grain weight, 60.5 kg hL-1 test weight 83.8% reflectance in grain color. The group formed by the CPue-00473 00 474, 00477 and 00487 populations was considered of better quality for pozole, considering their balance in quality variables. The amylose content was not significantly correlated with any of the studied technological variables. However, the viscoamylographic profile showed a clear difference between Cacahuacintle and Ancho maize races.La raza de maíz Cacahuacintle (MC) está confinada en nichos ecológicos específicos y ha sido mínimamente estudiada a nivel intra-racial en sus aspectos de calidad para pozole, no obstante que su uso culinario específico en la gastronomía mexicana lo ubica como una opción agrícola rentable para los agricultores de los VallesAltos de México. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar poblaciones sobresalientes en calidad para pozole (CPP) en colectas de maíz Cacahuacintle de Valles Altos de Puebla (MCVAP). Se utilizaron poblaciones de MCVAP, poblaciones de MC del Estado de México, y como testigos para calidad, una población de maíz Cónico y otra de maíz Ancho. La caracterización morfológica y física de grano se aplicó en todas las poblaciones; la evaluación de la calidad para pozole, contenido de amilosa y propiedades de formación de pasta (PFP) sólo en poblaciones seleccionadas por forma de grano y en los testigos. La forma de grano predominante fue redondeada globosa (86%), que es la típica del maíz Cacahuacintle. Los valores promedio de las variables físicas del grano en las poblaciones de MC fueron: peso de mil granos de 540.6 g, peso hectolítrico de 60.5 kg hL-1, y color de grano con 83.8% de reflectancia. El grupo formadopor las poblaciones CPue-00473,00 474,00477 y 00487 se consideró como de mejor calidad para pozole, por presentar equilibrio en las variables de calidad consideradas. El contenido de amilosa no mostró correlación significativa con ninguna de las variables tecnológicas analizadas. Sin embargo, el perfil viscoamilográfico mostró una clara diferencia entre los maíces Cacahuacintle y el maíz Ancho

Calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios del nanche rojo (Malpighia mexicana, Malpighiaceae)

Background and Aims: Wild red nanche develops in both temperate and tropical areas. In Mexico, it has been used as an ornamental and medicinal plant since pre-Hispanic times; however, little is known about its morphology. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize the morphological quality of fruits and endocarps of red nanche collected in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: Three study areas were located, but fruits were found in the municipality of Santiago Matatlán only. These were collected and transferred to the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. For evaluation of the morphological quality of fruit and endocarps, four replications of 100 fruits were selected by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). With the obtained data, an analysis of measures of central tendency was performed using the SAS statistical package. Key results: The results indicated that the fruits of red nanche are large, oblate-shaped, the color of the epicarp is cherry to purple, that of the mesocarp pink to lilac, they taste sweet, and show adequate firmness and quantity of ascorbic acid. The fruit has three fibrous endocarps, is cone to triangular-shaped and has one to two embryos. The embryo is cream colored without endosperm, the cotyledons are bent at the apex and the radicle is present at the other side . It is protected by a thin brown colored integument.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El nanche rojo silvestre se desarrolla en climas templados y tropicales. En México, desde tiempos prehispánicos se ha utilizado como ornamental y medicinal; sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre su morfología. Por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios de nanche rojo, de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Se ubicaron tres zonas de estudio, pero solo en el municipio de Santiago Matatlán se encontraron frutos, los cuales fueron recolectados y trasladados al Laboratorio de Análisis de Semillas del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Para la evaluación de la calidad morfológica de frutos y endocarpios, se seleccionaron mediante un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) cuatro repeticiones de 100 frutos. Con los datos obtenidos se realizó un análisis de medidas de tendencia central, utilizando el paquete estadístico SAS. Resultados clave: Los resultados encontrados indicaron que los frutos del nanche rojo son grandes, tienen forma de oblato, el color del epicarpio es guinda a morado, el del mesocarpio rosa a lila, de sabor dulce, con adecuada firmeza y cantidad de ácido ascórbico. El fruto tiene tres endocarpios fibrosos, de forma cono-triangular, y de uno a dos presentan embrión. El embrión es de color crema y no posee endospermo, los cotiledones doblados están en el ápice y en el otro extremo se encuentra la radícula. Está protegido por un tegumento delgado color café. Conclusiones: Se observó variación en las características morfológicas. Los frutos tienen potencial alimenticio y calidad de exportación