Doubly virtual Compton scattering and the beam normal spin asymmetry

We construct an invariant basis for Compton scattering with two virtual photons (VVCS). The basis tensors are chosen to be gauge invariant and orthogonal to each other. The properties of the corresponding 18 invariant amplitudes are studied in detail. We consider the special case of elastic VVCS with the virtualities of the initial and final photons equal. The invariant basis for VVCS in this orthogonal form does not exist in the literatur. We furthermore use this VVCS tensor for a calculation of the beam normal spin asymmetry in the forward kinematics. For this, we relate the invariant amplitudes to the helicity amplitudes of the VVCS reaction. The imaginary parts of these latter are related to the inclusive cross section by means of the optical theorem. We use the phenomenological value of the transverse cross section $\sigma_T\sim0.1$ mbarn and the Callan-Gross relation which relates the longitudinal cross section $\sigma_L$ to the transverse one. The result of the calculation agrees with an existing calculation and predicts the negative values of the asymmetry $B_n$ of the order of 4-6 ppm in the energy range from 6 to 45 ppm and for very forward angles.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, revtex, submitted to Phys. Rev. C; new version: two figures added, typos correcte

Resonance estimates for single spin asymmetries in elastic electron-nucleon scattering

We discuss the target and beam normal spin asymmetries in elastic electron-nucleon scattering which depend on the imaginary part of two-photon exchange processes between electron and nucleon. We express this imaginary part as a phase space integral over the doubly virtual Compton scattering tensor on the nucleon. We use unitarity to model the doubly virtual Compton scattering tensor in the resonance region in terms of $\gamma^* N \to \pi N$ electroabsorption amplitudes. Taking those amplitudes from a phenomenological analysis of pion electroproduction observables, we present results for beam and target normal single spin asymmetries for elastic electron-nucleon scattering for beam energies below 1 GeV and in the 1-3 GeV region, where several experiments are performed or are in progress.Comment: 36 pages, 16 figure

Robustness of entanglement

In the quest to completely describe entanglement in the general case of a finite number of parties sharing a physical system of finite-dimensional Hilbert space an entanglement magnitude is introduced for its pure and mixed states: robustness. It corresponds to the minimal amount of mixing with locally prepared states which washes out all entanglement. It quantifies in a sense the endurance of entanglement against noise and jamming. Its properties are studied comprehensively. Analytical expressions for the robustness are given for pure states of two-party systems, and analytical bounds for mixed states of two-party systems. Specific results are obtained mainly for the qubit-qubit system (qubit denotes quantum bit). As by-products local pseudomixtures are generalized, a lower bound for the relative volume of separable states is deduced, and arguments for considering convexity a necessary condition of any entanglement measure are put forward

Optimal strategies for sending information through a quantum channel

Quantum states can be used to encode the information contained in a direction, i.e., in a unit vector. We present the best encoding procedure when the quantum state is made up of $N$ spins (qubits). We find that the quality of this optimal procedure, which we quantify in terms of the fidelity, depends solely on the dimension of the encoding space. We also investigate the use of spatial rotations on a quantum state, which provide a natural and less demanding encoding. In this case we prove that the fidelity is directly related to the largest zeros of the Legendre and Jacobi polynomials. We also discuss our results in terms of the information gain.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, final version to appear in Phys.Rev.Let

The Extended Chiral Quark Model confronts QCD

We discuss the truncation of low energy effective action of QCD below the chiral symmetry breaking (CSB) scale, including all operators of dimensionality less or equal to 6 which can be built with quark and chiral fields. We perform its bosonization in the scalar, pseudoscalar, vector and axial-vector channels in the large-N_c and leading-log approximation. Constraints on the coefficients of the effective lagrangian are derived from the requirement of Chiral Symmetry Restoration (CSR) at energies above the CSB scale in the scalar-pseudoscalar and vector-axial-vector channels, from matching to QCD at intermediate scales, and by fitting some hadronic observables. In this truncation two types of pseudoscalar states (massless pions and massive Pi'-mesons), as well as a scalar, vector and axial-vector one arise as a consequence of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. Their masses and coupling constants as well as a number of chiral structural constants are derived. A reasonable fit of all parameters supports a relatively heavy scalar meson (quarkonium) with the mass \sim 1 GeV and a small value of axial pion-quark coupling constant g_A \simeq 0.55.Comment: Talk at QCD99, Montpellier, July 1999, 7 pages, Late

Quantum State Discrimination with General Figures of Merit

We solve the problem of quantum state discrimination with "general (symmetric) figures of merit" for an even number of symmetric quantum bits with use of the no-signaling principle. It turns out that conditional probability has the same form for any figure of merit. Optimal measurement and corresponding conditional probability are the same for any monotonous figure of merit.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Minimal optimal generalized quantum measurements

Optimal and finite positive operator valued measurements on a finite number $N$ of identically prepared systems have been presented recently. With physical realization in mind we propose here optimal and minimal generalized quantum measurements for two-level systems. We explicitly construct them up to N=7 and verify that they are minimal up to N=5. We finally propose an expression which gives the size of the minimal optimal measurements for arbitrary $N$.Comment: 9 pages, Late

Optimal estimation of quantum dynamics

We construct the optimal strategy for the estimation of an unknown unitary transformation $U\in SU(d)$. This includes, in addition to a convenient measurement on a probe system, finding which is the best initial state on which $U$ is to act. When $U\in SU(2)$, such an optimal strategy can be applied to estimate simultaneously both the direction and the strength of a magnetic field, and shows how to use a spin 1/2 particle to transmit information about a whole coordinate system instead of only a direction in space.Comment: 4 pages, REVTE