Differences in virulence and oocyst shedding profiles in lambs experimentally infected with different isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum

A wide spectrum of disease severity associated with cryptosporidiosis has been described, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal in both human and animal hosts. The reasons for the variations in severity are likely to be multifactorial, involving environmental, host and parasite factors. This paper describes two experimental infection trials in lambs, a symptomatic host for the parasite, to investigate variation in the clinical manifestations following infection with two distinct isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. In the first experiment, groups of naïve lambs were challenged with one of two isolates (CP1 or CP2) at ​< ​1 week of age, to test the effect of the isolates on disease outcome. In a second experiment one group of lambs challenged at < 1 week of age (CP1) was then re-challenged with the same isolate at 6 weeks of age (CP1), while a second group was challenged for the first time at 6 weeks of age (CP1). This experiment examined age-related disease symptoms, oocyst shedding and the effect of prior exposure to the parasite on a subsequent homologous challenge. The two isolates were associated with significant differences in the demeanour of the animals and in the numbers of oocysts shed in the faeces. There were also differences in the duration and severity of diarrhoea, though these were not significant. The age of the lamb, at the time of a primary challenge (<1 week or 6 weeks), also resulted in differences in clinical outcomes, with younger lambs showing more severe clinical disease than the older lambs (feeding profiles and presentation of diarrhoea), while older lambs showed virtually no signs of infection but still produced large numbers of oocysts

Parameers of housing deployment: the case of housing set Ssanta Cruz

A produção de habitação social no Brasil vem sendo marcada pela construção de um urbanismo extremamente setorizado e sócio segregativo, esse panorama das cidades brasileiras vem se repetindo desde a produção do extinto Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH), que se alçou apenas de algumas das diretrizes do Movimento Moderno, que influenciou amplamente a produção dos conjuntos habitacionais dos Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensões (IAPs) entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960 anterior ao BNH, a produção dos IAPs apresenta-se hoje pouco divulgada na história da arquitetura brasileira, entretanto, diversos autores da atualidade afirmam a superioridade da qualidade arquitetônica e urbanística dessa produção. Foram projetados conjuntos habitacionais em todo país que levaram em conta as conjunturas de uma construção urbana consistente a um ideário projetual e político da época e o Conjunto Habitacional Santa Cruz na cidade São Paulo apresenta com clareza as intenções e a qualidade que esses conjuntos almejavam e que portanto sua implantação foi valorizada durante os anos após a sua construção, apresentando até os dias de hoje, qualidades que pouco são vistas na produção de habitação social do programa vigente o Minha Casa Minha Vida104115129The production of social housing in Brazil has been marked by the construction of a highly sectorial and segregationist social urbanism, this panorama of Brazilian cities has been repeated since the production of the former National Housing Bank (BNH), which just went up a few guidelines of the Modern Movement, which largely influenced the production of housing Institutes of Retirement and Pensions (IAPs) between the 1930s and 1960s before the BNH, the production of IAPs but today little known in the history of Brazilian architecture, however, several authors today affirm the superiority of architectural and urban quality of this production. Housing projects were designed in each country that took into account the situations in a consistent urban construction to a projetual and political ideas of the time and the Joint Housing Santa Cruz in São Paulo city brings out clearly the intentions and the quality that sets these longed and therefore its implementation was valued during the years after its construction, featuring up to today, qualities that are rarely seen in the production of social housing from the program the Minha Casa Minha Vid

Lianas de uma floresta estacional semidecidual, Município de Paulo de Faria, Norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Lianas of a seasonal semideciduous forest, Paulo de Faria, northern São Paulo State, Brazil). Lianas are soil-germinating plants, perennially rooted that need support to reach the canopy. In tropical forest they are an important form of life due to their diversity, they are part of the forest structure, and source of food for various animals species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the species composition, the diversity and the structure of a liana community in a seasonal semideciduous forest at the Ecological Station of Paulo de Faria, São Paulo, Brazil. The sampling included lianas specimens with DBH \u3e 1 cm collected in 100 plots of 10 x 10 m (1 ha). We collected 1,427 individuals representing 45 species. The species diversity (H’) was 2.98 nats individual-1. The richest families were Bignoniaceae (14 species), Sapindaceae (nine), Malpighiaceae (six) and Leguminosae (four), similarly to other neotropical forests. The families Bignoniaceae, Sapindaceae and Apocynaceae were represented by a great number of individuals, Melloa quadrivalvis (Bignoniaceae) was the most important species. The majority of the sampled individuals (57.6%) had diameters between 1-2.5 cm and in 26 individuals only the diameter was larger than 10 cm. If the purpose of a study of a liana community is to estimate the abundance our data suggest that all individuals with DBH \u3e 1 cm must be sampled

Differences in virulence and oocyst shedding profiles in lambs experimentally infected with different isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum

A wide spectrum of disease severity associated with cryptosporidiosis has been described, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal in both human and animal hosts. The reasons for the variations in severity are likely to be multifactorial, involving environmental, host and parasite factors. This paper describes two experimental infection trials in lambs, a symptomatic host for the parasite, to investigate variation in the clinical manifestations following infection with two distinct isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. In the first experiment, groups of naïve lambs were challenged with one of two isolates (CP1 or CP2) at ​< ​1 week of age, to test the effect of the isolates on disease outcome. In a second experiment one group of lambs challenged at < 1 week of age (CP1) was then re-challenged with the same isolate at 6 weeks of age (CP1), while a second group was challenged for the first time at 6 weeks of age (CP1). This experiment examined age-related disease symptoms, oocyst shedding and the effect of prior exposure to the parasite on a subsequent homologous challenge. The two isolates were associated with significant differences in the demeanour of the animals and in the numbers of oocysts shed in the faeces. There were also differences in the duration and severity of diarrhoea, though these were not significant. The age of the lamb, at the time of a primary challenge (<1 week or 6 weeks), also resulted in differences in clinical outcomes, with younger lambs showing more severe clinical disease than the older lambs (feeding profiles and presentation of diarrhoea), while older lambs showed virtually no signs of infection but still produced large numbers of oocysts

Detection and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected calves, a single test does not tell the whole story

8 páginas, 3 tablas, 1 figura.Although the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in bovine tissues is rare, beef might be an important source of human infection. The use of molecular techniques, such as magnetic capture qPCR (MC-qPCR), in combination with the gold standard method for isolating the parasite (mouse bioassay), may increase the sensitivity of T. gondii detection in infected cattle. The risk of transmission of the parasite to humans from undercooked/raw beef is not fully known and further knowledge about the predilection sites of T. gondii within cattle is needed. In the current study, six Holstein Friesian calves (Bos taurus) were experimentally infected with 106 T. gondii oocysts of the M4 strain and, following euthanasia (42 dpi), pooled tissues were tested for presence of the parasite by mouse bioassay and MC-qPCRThe research was conducted by a consortium within the framework of project number GA/EFSA/BIOHAZ/2013/01 entitled “Relationship between seroprevalence in the main livestock species and presence of Toxoplasma gondii in meat”, grant agreement funded by the European Food Safety Authority (400,000 euro). This publication is based on the results obtained in the framework of this project and it is published under the sole responsibility of the authors, and shall not be considered as an EFSA output. Additional funding was also obtained from the Food Standards Agency (UK) and the Scottish Government, Rural and Environmental Sciences and Analytical Services (RESAS).Peer reviewe

Detection and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected calves, a single test does not tell the whole story.

Although the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in bovine tissues is rare, beef might be an important source of human infection. The use of molecular techniques, such as magnetic capture qPCR (MC-qPCR), in combination with the gold standard method for isolating the parasite (mouse bioassay), may increase the sensitivity of T. gondii detection in infected cattle. The risk of transmission of the parasite to humans from undercooked/raw beef is not fully known and further knowledge about the predilection sites of T. gondii within cattle is needed. In the current study, six Holstein Friesian calves (Bos taurus) were experimentally infected with 106 T. gondii oocysts of the M4 strain and, following euthanasia (42 dpi), pooled tissues were tested for presence of the parasite by mouse bioassay and MC-qPCR