The neural bases of event monitoring across domains: a simultaneous ERP-fMRI study.

The ability to check and evaluate the environment over time with the aim to detect the occurrence of target stimuli is supported by sustained/tonic as well as transient/phasic control processes, which overall might be referred to as event monitoring. The neural underpinning of sustained control processes involves a fronto-parietal network. However, it has not been well-defined yet whether this cortical circuit acts irrespective of the specific material to be monitored and whether this mediates sustained as well as transient monitoring processes. In the current study, the functional activity of brain during an event monitoring task was investigated and compared between two cognitive domains, whose processing is mediated by differently lateralized areas. Namely, participants were asked to monitor sequences of either faces (supported by right-hemisphere regions) or tools (left-hemisphere). In order to disentangle sustained from transient components of monitoring, a simultaneous EEG-fMRI technique was adopted within a block design. When contrasting monitoring versus control blocks, the conventional fMRI analysis revealed the sustained involvement of bilateral fronto-parietal regions, in both task domains. Event-related potentials (ERPs) showed a more positive amplitude over frontal sites in monitoring compared to control blocks, providing evidence of a transient monitoring component. The joint ERP-fMRI analysis showed that, in the case of face monitoring, these transient processes rely on right-lateralized areas, including the inferior parietal lobule and the middle frontal gyrus. In the case of tools, no fronto-parietal areas correlated with the transient ERP activity, suggesting that in this domain phasic monitoring processes were masked by tonic ones. Overall, the present findings highlight the role of bilateral fronto-parietal regions in sustained monitoring, independently of the specific task requirements, and suggest that right-lateralized areas subtend transient monitoring processes, at least in some task contexts

Prevalência de factores de risco de desnutrição em pacientes hospitalizados na América Latina: uma análise nutritionDay 2016-2020

Hospital malnutrition is a complex international health issue described to be associated with worse patient outcomes and increased healthcare costs(1). A large proportion of patients is already found malnourished at the time of hospital admission, others develop malnutrition while in hospital, often as a complication associated with the disease. Malnutrition screening is crucial for identifying vulnerable patients who are nutritionally at risk already on admission, presenting well-known risk factors such as poor appetite, low food intake, history of unintentional weight loss or low body mass index (BMI).La desnutrición hospitalaria es un problema de salud complejo a nivel internacional, el cual, según se ha descrito, se asocia con peores desenlaces para los pacientes y costos más elevados para los sistemas de salud(1). Es grande la proporción de pacientes que llegan desnutridos al momento de su ingreso al hospital; otros desarrollan desnutrición durante su estancia hospitalaria como una complicación asociada con su patología. El tamizaje para desnutrición es crucial para identificar a aquellos pacientes con riesgo nutricional al momento de su ingreso, y los factores de riesgo bien conocidos son la falta de apetito, baja ingesta de alimento, historia de pérdida de peso no intencional o bajo índice de masa corporal (IMC)

Non-Invasive Analysis of Actinic Keratosis before and after Topical Treatment Using a Cold Stimulation and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Background and objectives: The possible evolution of actinic keratoses (AKs) into invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) makes their treatment and monitoring essential. AKs are typically monitored before and after treatment only through a visual analysis, lacking a quantitative measure to determine treatment effectiveness. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive measure of the relative change of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb) in tissues. The aim of our study is to determine if a time and frequency analysis of the NIRS signals acquired from the skin lesion before and after a topical treatment can highlight quantitative differences between the AK skin lesion area. Materials and Methods: The NIRS signals were acquired from the skin lesions of twenty-two patients, with the same acquisition protocol: baseline signals, application of an ice pack near the lesion, removal of ice pack and acquisition of vascular recovery. We calculated 18 features from the NIRS signals, and we applied multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to compare differences between the NIRS signals acquired before and after the therapy. Results: The MANOVA showed that the features computed on the NIRS signals before and after treatment could be considered as two statistically separate groups, after the ice pack removal. Conclusions: Overall, the NIRS technique with the cold stimulation may be useful to support non-invasive and quantitative lesion analysis and regression after a treatment. The results provide a baseline from which to further study skin lesions and the effects of various treatments

Are hepatic steatosis and carotid intima media thickness associated in obese patients with normal or slightly elevated gamma-glutamyl-transferase?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatic steatosis (HS) has been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS), conditions carrying a high risk of coronary artery disease. We aimed to determine whether HS was an independent factor of atherogenic risk beyond its association with MS and its components.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We assessed the circulating levels of the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), a chaperone involved in inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis at liver and endothelial level and the gamma-glutamyl transferase activity (γ-GT) correlating them to carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), along with lipid profile, HOMA, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin, adiposity type as well as spleen volume in 52 obese pts with grade 1, 128 with grade 2, and 20 with grade 3 of HS evaluated by sonography.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Patients with different grade of HS demonstrated overlapping HSP-70 levels; similarly performed obese subjects regarding IMT. Using multiple regression analysis, IMT was predicted by age, visceral adiposity and by HOMA (β = 0.50, <it>p </it>< 0.0001, β = 0.30, <it>p </it>= 0.01 and β = 0.18, <it>p </it>= 0.048 respectively, while the severity of HS was predicted by visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and HOMA (β = 0.50, <it>p </it>< 0.0001 and β = 0.27, <it>p </it>= 0.001 and β = 0.18, <it>p </it>= 0.024, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In our series of patients with normal or mild elevation of γ-GT, the severity of HS does not entail higher IMT, which may be linked to MS stigmata.</p

naked eye fingerprinting of single nucleotide polymorphisms on psoriasis patients

We report a low-cost test, based on gold nanoparticles, for the colorimetric (naked-eye) fingerprinting of a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), relevant for the personalized therapy of psoriasis. Such pharmacogenomic tests are not routinely performed on psoriasis patients, due to the high cost of standard technologies. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of our colorimetric test by validating it on a cohort of 30 patients, through a double-blind comparison with two state-of-the-art instrumental techniques, namely reverse dot blotting and sequencing, finding 100% agreement. This test offers high parallelization capabilities and can be easily generalized to other SNPs of clinical relevance, finding broad utility in diagnostics and pharmacogenomics

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Circulating Levels of Sirtuin 4 in Obese Patients: A Novel Association

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at evaluating sirtuin 4 (Sirt4) levels in obese individuals, in relation to their adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), a healthy dietary pattern characterized by high antioxidant capacity, and markers of visceral fat storage. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Forty-three obese patients (44% males; BMI: 36.7-58.8 kg/m2) were consecutively included. PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) and the 7-day food records were used to assess the adherence to MD and dietary pattern, respectively. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) was calculated. Sirt4 levels were detected by ELISA method. RESULTS: The majority of the obese participants (62.8%) had an average adherence to MD. Compared with average adherers, low adherers had higher BMI, energy intake, and percentage of energy from lipids, mainly saturated fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and lower Sirt4 levels. After adjusting for BMI, Sirt4 levels remained negatively correlated with VAI. After adjusting for total energy intake, Sirt4 levels remained negatively associated with PREDIMED and consumption of n-3 PUFA, vitamins C and E. The threshold value of PREDIMED predicting the lowest decrease in Sirt4 levels was found at a score of 6. CONCLUSIONS: Less reduced Sirt4 levels in obese patients adhering to MD suggest a further aspect of the antioxidant advantage of MD

Cross-Omics Comparison of Stress Responses in Mesothelial Cells Exposed to Heat- versus Filter-Sterilized Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids

Recent research suggests that cytoprotective responses, such as expression of heat-shock proteins, might be inadequately induced in mesothelial cells by heat-sterilized peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids. This study compares transcriptome data and multiple protein expression profiles for providing new insight into regulatory mechanisms. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) based proteomics and topic defined gene expression microarray-based transcriptomics techniques were used to evaluate stress responses in human omental peritoneal mesothelial cells in response to heat- or filter-sterilized PD fluids. Data from selected heat-shock proteins were validated by 2D western-blot analysis. Comparison of proteomics and transcriptomics data discriminated differentially regulated protein abundance into groups depending on correlating or noncorrelating transcripts. Inadequate abundance of several heat-shock proteins following exposure to heat-sterilized PD fluids is not reflected on the mRNA level indicating interference beyond transcriptional regulation. For the first time, this study describes evidence for posttranscriptional inadequacy of heat-shock protein expression by heat- sterilized PD fluids as a novel cytotoxic property. Cross-omics technologies introduce a novel way of understanding PDF bioincompatibility and searching for new interventions to reestablish adequate cytoprotective responses