EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF DIPHENHYDRAMINE IN MICE.

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the antidepressant activity of different doses of diphenhydramine in mice at (0.5, 1, 2 mg /Kg, IP). Materials and Methods: The mice were divided into 5 groups for each testing methods, each group consist of five animals. Group 1 served as a control and was given normal saline 0.9% (5ml/kg,IP), group 2 received (20 mg /Kg, IP) fluoxetine as a standard control. Group 3, 4, 5 were treated with three different doses of diphenhydramine (0.5, 1, 2 mg /Kg, IP) respectively. The normal behaviors of each group of mice were evaluated after 30 min. of drug administration. The test was used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of diphenhydramine in Open Field, Modified Forced Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test. Results: It is found that the increase in the locomotor activity in open field cage by increasing the number of square cross to (94.2±28.7) (93.2±25.6) (86.6±22.1) respectively according to the doses of diphenhydramine in comparison with control group (69.4±27.2) at p< 0.05. In modified forced swimming test, the result also showed that the administration of diphenhydramine at (0.5, 1, 2 mg /Kg, IP) were reduced the immobility time (68.8 ± 21.1) (56.4 ± 17.7) (47.6 ± 21.7) Sec. respectively in comparison with control group. In the present study, It is found that the administration of diphenhydramine at (0.5, 1, 2 mg /Kg,IP) were significantly increased in the swimming time (143.2 ± 16.2) (152.6 ± 18.7) (160.02 ± 15.5) Sec. Sec. in comparison with control group (28.8 ± 3.4) Sec. Conclusion: Thus, this study suggested that the administration of diphenhydramine is produced a good therapy used in the treatment of depressed patients without side effect . Key words: Antidepressant, Tail suspended test, Open failed test, Diphenhydramine, Force swimming test. Â

Modification of heat cured acrylic resin by using additives to make a flexible acrylic resin denture base material: A pilot study

that the dimensional accuracy, water sorption and solubility tests of the groups (caramel + plasticizer + heat cured acrylic resin) had statistically lower changes than other groups with additives but were still higher than control group and Flexite thermoplastic during seven days. they also showed color change between groups. the first group (caramel + plasticizer + heat cured acrylic resin) with the concentration of 20% showed lowest change in their properties when compared with the plasticizer group and the other groups of flavors additions (caramel and banana) after seven days and six months. conclusions: Within the limitation of this research, it was concluded that all prepared samples with additives (caramel, banana, and plasticizer) have better properties than the control group except the Flexite thermoplastic group which showed to have a higher tensile strength than control group during the periods of two and seven days

Effects of Amitriptyline and Ashwagandha on the Oxidative State and Acetylcholine Esterase Enzyme Activities in Rats

Amitriptyline has a long history of effectiveness in treating depression. Due to its side effects, which include oxidative stress and anticholinergic effects, it is used less frequently. Ashwagandha is a substantial herb that has anti-depressant, antioxidant properties. Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha and amitriptyline on the oxidative state of acetylcholine esterase in rat salivary glands. Material and Methods: Four groups of rats were created. Distilled water was given to group I (control), and group II received amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) orally. Ashwagandha root extract (200 mg/kg) was given orally to group III, while similar doses of ashwagandha root extract and amitriptyline were given in combination to group IV. Rats from each group were sacrificed at (7 and 30 days). A blood samples were collected to measure the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). To measuring acetylcholine esterase enzyme, salivary gland tissues were dissected. Results: TAC after 7 days of oral administration showed a  non-significant difference between groups while, after 30 days  there is a significant decrease in TAC in group II and IV in comparison with that of the control group. Following oral dosing for seven days, acetylcholine esterase measurements revealed an increase in group II and a decrease in group IV as compared to the control group. While after 30 days, all groups' acetylcholine esterase enzyme levels significantly decreased when compared with the control group. It can be Concluded that,  Amitriptyline causes oxidative stress and temporarily inhibits acetyl cholinesterase, which results in anticholinergic action. Ashwagandha has acetylcholine esterase inhibitory characteristics and mild salivary gland antioxidant benefits

Protective Effect of Moringa on Salivary Glands of Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phone: A Histological Study

The growing widespread usage of cell phones has resulted in potential negative impacts on human health due to their use near the location of salivary glands, which might be affected by non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation emitted from cell phones. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic waves from cell phones on the salivary glands of male albino rats. Albino rats (n =42) were divided into 6 groups (n = 7 per group). Group I, the control group, received normal saline. In Group II, animals received 200 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves orally by gavage for a period of 10 weeks with no cell phone radiation. In Group III, animals were exposed to the data mode for 2 hours per day for 10 consecutive weeks. In Group IV, animals were exposed to calling mode for 2 hours per day for successive 10 weeks. In Group V, animals were subjected to data mode for 2 hours per day and given 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract. Group VI: animals exposed to calling mode for 2 hours/day and receiving 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract orally for a period of 10 weeks. Salivary gland samples were prepared for histological analysis after the experiment. In histological sections, the cells lining mucous acini, granular convoluted tubules, and striated ducts displayed symptoms of atrophy, vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, and detachment from the basement membrane edoema. These outcomes were examined using a light microscope. As a result of cell phone electromagnetic radiation, male albino rats' salivary glands suffered pathological alterations

Evaluation the effect of amitriptyline and/or ashwagandha on body weight in male rats

study aims to examine and compare the effects of amitriptyline and ashwagandha on body weight in male rats by measurement weight for 4 weeks after their exposure to these two compound. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty healthy adult male albino rats that were 8-10 weeks old and weighed 200-250g. The animals were randomly divided to 4 groups (n= 5 /group), Group 1:  were served as a control group received distilled water orally (1.0ml/kg) group 2: were administered amitriptyline (10mg/kg/ orally) group 3: were administered (200mg/kg) of ashwagandha root extract and group 4: were co-administered amitriptyline (10mg/kg) and ashwagandha (200mg/kg). After 30 days of administration, The body weight was measured every week starting from the first day of administration to last week of experimental for all rats. Results: According to the  one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed significant differences in growth value in the co-administered Amitriptyline and ashwagandha group ( 1.48±0.09) significantly  increased in comparison with control group (1.27 ± 0.04) at week 4, otherwise, there is no significant differences in growth among groups at other  periods at p value ≤0.05. Conclusion: Amitriptyline induced oxidative stress causing increased in body weight during experimental periods. Administration ashwagandha alone non-significant effect on body weight but when co-administration with amitriptyline significantly increase in body weight

Carbon nanotube effect on the ductility, flexural strength, and permeability of concrete

Recently, remarkable types of carbon nanofilaments called carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have raised the interest of many concrete and cementitious composite researchers due to their significant mechanical, electrical, thermal, kinetic, and chemical properties. These nanofilaments are considered promising applicants to use in producing high-performance cement-based composite materials. In this research, the effect of CNT use on the flexural strength, strain capacity, permeability, and microstructure of concrete was investigated. Concrete batches of 0, 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.25 wt.% CNTs were prepared using a mixing method that consisted of a 30-minute solution sonication and a 60-minute batch mixing. On the 28th day, the mechanical properties were determined. The results indicated that concrete prepared using high CNT contents of 0.15 and 0.25 wt.% increased the flexural strength by more than 100% in comparison with 0% CNT concrete. Furthermore, the results showed that CNTs would increase the ductility of concrete beams by about 150%. The permeability test results showed the benefits of CNT inclusion in reducing the permeability of concrete. The permeability coefficient (kT) decreased by at least 45% when CNTs were added to concrete. A qualitative microstructural analysis illustrated the uniform dispersion of CNT filaments within the concrete hydration products in all batches.Scopu

Does systemic anticancer gemcitabine compromise oral soft tissue wound healing?

Background: Numerous types of cancer are of substantial medical and social concern, posing a major challenge to modern medicine. Chemotherapeutic drugs include the use of nucleosides, which are composed of nucleic acid and sugar. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of systemic chemotherapeutic drugs at a therapeutic dose on the wound healing process of the oral mucosa. Material and Methods: 30 healthy rats were randomly divided into two main groups based on the study material, 15 rats in each group. Group A (control) was given a single dose of normal saline (1ml/kg, intraperitoneal), and Group B (study) a single injection of gemcitabine (50 mg /Kg, intraperitoneal). After anesthesia, a full-thickness soft tissue incision (0.5 cm length) on the right side of the buccal mucosa was made in the animals of both groups. Each group was subdivided according to the time of sacrifice into 3, 7, 14 days after surgery, at the end of the experimental periods, specimens were collected for histopathological study, and samples of blood were obtained from retro-orbital venous plexus and collected in microfuge tubes and levels of antioxidant enzymes were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed statistically at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: Gemcitabine delayed the onset of wound cascade (inflammation and re-epithelization) which lead to worsening healing of the oral tissue; it also resulted in a decrease of the antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as activated caspase 3, which induces cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Gemcitabine showed negative feedback on oral tissue wound healing through delayed wound healing cascade and by inducing apoptosis

A Newly Prepared Solution for the Removal of the Smear Layer

Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a mixture of (castor detergent and papain enzyme) MCP to remove the smear layer by using scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods: Samples of 45 human extracted was divided in to 3 groups (A, B, and C) n = 15 and prepared endodontically using pro taper system up to size F 3, each group was irrigated with corresponding solution 3 ml in between each file size and 5 minutes as a final irrigant as following: Group A irrigated with distilled water (control negative). Group B irrigated with 2.5% (Sodium hypo chloride) NaOCL and 17% (Ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid) EDTA (control positive). Group C irrigated with 20% castor detergent and 4% papain enzyme as a mixture (MCP). Each sample was irrigated with 15 ml of distilled water and dried with paper points. The samples were sent for SEM photograph. Each sample was evaluated at three levels (apical, middle, and cervical part of the canal) Results: MCP solution showed partial removal of both organic and inorganic parts (dual action) of smear layer from the 3 levels of root canals, but the apical one was significantly less clean than the other two, also it has a more gentle effect of erosion than EDTA with NaOCl. EDTA with NaOCl has the ability to remove the smear layer completely from the canal, but still the apical third was significantly less clean than that of other two. It is impossible to remove the smear layer completely by NaOCl and EDTA without erosion of the inner surface of irrigated canal when EDTA was used as a final irrigant for 5 minutes. Conclusion: solution had the ability to remove the smear layer partially at the three levels of a root canal without dentin erosion. While EDTA had the ability to remove the smear layer completely at the three levels of canal with obvious dentinal erosion. Still the apical area has mechanical and anatomical limitation in root canal irrigation

Synthesis of Calcium Nitrate Self-Healing Microcapsules Using Aerosol OT Hexane Solution for Cementitious Materials

Calcium nitrate synthesis of in urea-formaldehyde shell has recently been used to produce self-healing microcapsules for construction applications. The original synthesis was based on water-in-oil emulsion with sulfonic acid as fundamental ingredient of the oil (continuous) phase. It has been modified herein by changing the composition of the continuous (oil) phase by mixing anionic surfactant, Aerosol OT (AOT) with hexane to prepare the solution while keeping the aqueous phase unchanged. The submicron refined calcium nitrate microcapsules. In order to characterize the microcapsules encapsulated using the aforementioned, procedure, a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized. The obtained microcapsules had satisfactory diameter and shell thickness. To assess the effect of the prepared microcapsules on the compressive and flexural strengths, mortar mixes containing 75% microcapsules (by weight of cement), as an introductory dosage, were made. It has been demonstrated that incorporating the self-healing microcapsules prepared using the procedure suggested in this study did not cause significant reductions in the mortar samples' strengths. Hence, the encapsulation methodology presented here may be utilized to investigate their self-healing efficiency in cementitious materials

Acetylcholine Esterase Gene Expression in Salivary Glands of Albino Rats after Treatment with amitriptyline or/and Ashwagandha

Acetylcholinesterase is required as an enzyme to counteract the effects of acetylcholine. The aim of the study is to assess how amitriptyline and Ashwagandha affect the acetylcholinesterase gene in rat salivary glands. Forty healthy albino rats were divided randomly into four equal groups: Group I (control) received distilled water for 30 days. Group II received amitriptyline (10mg/kg) for 30 days. Group III received ashwagandha watery root extract (200mg/kg) orally for 30 days and Group IV received the combination of amitriptyline orally and ashwagandha root extract orally for 30 days. Rats in each group were sacrificed after day 30 and salivary glands were dissected for measurement of the acetylcholinesterase gene using a Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (PCR). Acetylcholinesterase gene measurements reveal an increase in groups treated with amitriptyline alone (1.55±0.11) and in the group treated with a combination of amitriptyline with Ashwagandha (1.92±0.16), in comparison with the control group. There were no discernible differences between the Ashwagandha treated group (1.073± 0.25) compared to the control group (0.76±0.19).In conclusion, Amitriptyline alone and, when combined with Ashwagandha cause transcription of the acetylcholinesterase gene