An Examination of Delinquency and Victimization Using Social Bonding and Routine Activities

The study examined the relationship between juvenile delinquency and juvenile victimization using an integration of social bond theory and routine activities perspectives. Data were obtained from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) series of surveys given annually to a nationally representative sample of students. The MTF survey is from the 2005 group of surveys given to tenth grade students. The version of the survey was administered to 5,577 tenth grade students. This research examined the link between a student\u27s commitment to school and guardianship. Specifically, it determined the amount of delinquency to which a student is involved and the extent of victimization experienced. Results showed that students who had stronger bonds to school were less likely to be involved in delinquency and were less likely to experience victimization than students who had weaker bonds to school. Current research supported an integration of social bond and routine activities/lifestyle theories and also provided more empirical evidence to support the anecdotal beliefs concerning the relationship between delinquency and victimization

Paroles et regards de jeunes: comment le quartier peut-il devenir un lieu de socialisation pour les jeunes ?

La période de l’adolescence est devenue, dans notre société occidentale actuelle, centre de polémiques diverses. L’image véhiculée par les médias n’arrange en rien cette situation, et nous pensons qu’elle est même en partie responsable. L’un des centres de tensions entre les adolescents et les adultes est la fréquentation des espaces publics, tels que préaux d’école, parcs, etc. Afin d’évoquer une problématique globale, la socialisation des jeunes, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser au local, et avons ciblé un quartier bien particulier. « Paroles et regards de jeunes » nous emmène à la découverte d’un quartier populaire, vivant et multiculturel, où les jeunes font des bêtises, comme cela a toujours été, mais nous montrent bien d’autres facettes de leur vie. Nous avons rencontré cinq jeunes, Béchir, Besnik, Besart, Richard et Durim, qui ont accepté de témoigner et nous parler de leur réalité, leur passion, leurs amis, leurs « coups de gueule », leurs besoins, leur regard sur la société et les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent. Cinq professionnels témoignent également. Ils partagent leurs pratiques, leurs expériences, leurs apprentissages et nous font découvrir une facette de cette population trop souvent oubliée. Ce travail de recherche amène des pistes de réflexion, à propos d’un modèle de socialisation, au travers d’un quartier soutenant et sur lequel ces jeunes peuvent se reposer afin de se construire et pouvoir intégrer le monde des adultes au mieux. Nous voulons montrer qu’ils ne sont pas seuls responsables de tous les maux dont les médias et la société les accuse

Evolution of Salmonella within Hosts

Within-host evolution has resulted in thousands of variants of Salmonella that exhibit remarkable diversity in host range and disease outcome, from broad host range to exquisite host restriction, causing gastroenteritis to disseminated disease such as typhoid fever. Within-host evolution is a continuing process driven by genomic variation that occurs during each infection, potentiating adaptation to a new niche resulting from changes in animal husbandry, the use of antimicrobials, and emergence of immune compromised populations. We discuss key advances in our understanding of the evolution of Salmonella within the host, inferred from (i) the process of host adaptation of Salmonella pathovars in the past, and (ii) direct observation of the generation of variation and selection of beneficial traits during single infections

Artesunate and artemether are effective fasciolicides in the rat model and in vitro

Objectives: To study the fasciocidal properties of artesunate and artemether in the rat model and in vitro. Methods: Adult Fasciola hepatica were exposed in vitro to 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL of artesunate, artemether and dihydroartemisinin for 72 h. Female Wistar rats were administered a single oral dose of artesunate and artemether (100-400 mg/kg) commencing 3 or 10-14 weeks post-infection and worm burden reductions were assessed against infected but untreated control rats. F. hepatica were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after recovery from bile ducts of rats given a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg artesunate 24 and 72 h post-treatment. Results: F. hepatica exposed for 72 h to10 µg/mL of artesunate, artemether and dihydroartemisinin in vitro showed poor mobility, swelling of the worm body, roughness, damage of the tegument and blebbing. Exposure to drug concentrations of 100 µg/mL resulted in the death of all F. hepatica by 72 h. One hundred per cent worm burden reductions were achieved in rats infected with adult F. hepatica after treatment with artesunate and artemether at 400 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Administration of artesunate and artemether at a dose of 200 mg/kg to rats harbouring juvenile F. hepatica resulted in worm burden reductions of 46% and 82%, respectively. F. hepatica recovered from rats' bile ducts 24 h after administration of 200 mg/kg artesunate showed normal activity and SEM observations revealed that there was no visible damage. Seventy-two hours post-treatment F. hepatica displayed very poor mobility and there was focal swelling of the tegument and spines. Conclusions: Artesunate and artemether exhibit promising fasciocidal activities, with the latter showing better tolerability by the host

Near‐surface fault detection using high‐resolution shear wave reflection seismics at the CO2CRC Otway Project site, Australia

High‐resolution, near‐surface, shear wave reflection seismic measurements were carried out in November 2013 at the CO2CRC Otway Project site, Victoria, Australia, with the aim to determine whether and, if so, where deeper faults reach the near subsurface. From a previous P wave 3‐D reflection seismic data set that was concentrated on a reservoir at 2 km depth, we can only interpret faults up to 400 m below sea level. For the future monitoring in the overburden of the CO2 reservoir it is important to know whether and how the faults continue in the subsurface. We prove that two regional fault zones do in fact reach the surface instead of dying out at depth. Individual first‐break signatures in the shot gathers along the profiles support this interpretation. However, this finding does not imply perforce communication between the reservoir and the surface in the framework of CO2 injection. The shear wave seismic sections are complementary to existing P wave volumes. They image with high resolution (better than 3 m vertically) different tectonic structures. Similar structures also outcrop on the southern coast of the Otway Basin. Both the seismic and the outcrops evidence the complex youngest structural history of the area.BMBF, 03G0797A, Verbundprojekt UR VI: PROTECT; Vorhersage von Deformation für eine abgesicherte Speicherung von Kohlenstoff (PRediction Of deformation To Ensure Carbon Traps); Vorhaben: Subseismische Deformationsvorhersage potentieller Wegsamkeiten und ihre seismische Validierung - Sonderprogramm GEOTECHNOLOGIE

The synthetic peroxide OZ78 is effective against Echinostoma caproni and Fasciola hepatica

Objectives: The trematocidal properties of a synthetic peroxide, 1,2,4-trioxolane (OZ78) were determined both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Two weeks post-infection Echinostoma caproni-infected mice were administered single oral doses of 400-1000 mg/kg OZ78. Fasciola hepatica-infected rats were treated orally with 50-400 mg/kg OZ78 3 and 8-9 weeks post-infection. Worm burden reductions were assessed against untreated control animals. Adult F. hepatica were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after recovery from the bile duct of a rat 3 days after administration of a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg OZ78 and after in vitro exposure to concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL OZ78. Results: In the E. caproni-mouse model 100% worm burden reductions were achieved with a single oral dose of 1000 mg/kg OZ78. A single dose of 100 mg/kg OZ78 resulted in worm burden reductions of 100% against juvenile and adult F. hepatica. F. hepatica recovered from rats 3 days post-treatment displayed feeble activity and some flukes had died. Typical features revealed by SEM included extensive blebbing and sloughing. Exposure of F. hepatica to 10-100 μg/mL OZ78 in vitro resulted in the death of all trematodes. F. hepatica showed focal blebbing and sloughing of the tegument at all concentrations investigated. Conclusions: Our data indicate that OZ78 is highly efficacious against F. hepatica and E. caproni and provide a sound platform for identification of a synthetic peroxide drug development candidate against major trematode infection

Relationship Intentions, Race, and Gender: Student Differences in Condom Use During Hookups Involving Vaginal Sex

Objective: To examine the relationship between race, gender, and pre-hookup relationship intentions and college students’ participation in condomless vaginal sex. Participants: 3,315 Black and White college students who participated in the Online College Social Life Survey (OCSLS). Methods: Secondary data analysis of the OCSLS using Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The model revealed that students who did not want a relationship with their hookup partners and students unsure of their relationship intentions were more likely to use condoms during their last vaginal hookup. Further, White and Female students were less likely to have used condoms during their last vaginal hookup. Conclusions: White and female students, as well as students desiring romantic relationships with hookup partners may be at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to decreased condom use. However, more research is needed to explore the factors driving STI disparities facing Black students despite higher condom us

Efficacy and safety of artemether against a natural Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep

Triclabendazole is the current drug of choice against Fasciola spp. infections in livestock, but resistance has become a major problem. In this study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of artemether, a derivative of artemisinin, in sheep with a low natural Fasciola hepatica infection. Artemether was administered orally or intramuscularly; sheep were monitored for 8 h posttreatment and then once daily for adverse events, and drug efficacy was estimated by fecal egg count reductions and worm burden reductions. Single 40- and 80-mg/kg oral doses of artemether showed no effect on F. hepatica egg and worm burden. Treatment with a single 160-mg/kg intramuscular dose of artemether significantly reduced the egg burden (64.9%) and worm burden (91.3%). At half this dose, a worm burden reduction of 65.3% was obtained, which was still statistically significant (P < 0.05). The lowest intramuscular dose of artemether investigated (40mg/kg) yielded no effect on egg counts and worm burden. There were no adverse events due to artemether; however, two abortions were observed 7days posttreatment. In conclusion, artemether shows interesting fasciocidal properties in sheep, but embryotoxicity is of concern. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of additional artemisinin derivatives and other peroxidic compounds for the treatment of Fasciola spp. infections in different ruminant

Listening to the voices of Latina women: Sexual and reproductive health intervention needs and priorities in a new settlement state in the United States

Latina women in the United States are disproportionately affected by negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Our community-based participatory research partnership conducted in-depth interviews exploring sexual and reproductive health needs and priorities with 25 Latinas in North Carolina and identified themes through constant comparison, a grounded theory development approach. Participants described individual-, interpersonal-, and clinic-level factors affecting their sexual and reproductive health as well as potentially successful intervention characteristics. Our findings can be used to inform culturally congruent interventions to reduce sexual and reproductive health disparities among Latinas, particularly innew settlement states in the southeastern United State

The Impact of Tobacco Smoking on One Year Patient Outcomes at a Family Medicine Residency Clinic

Abstract Objectives: In Appalachia, tobacco smoking rates are significantly higher than the United States average, and many of the comorbidities that exist with tobacco are prominent. The researchers investigated the impact of tobacco smoking on patients for one year of health outcomes at our resident primary care clinic. Methods: The present study examined outpatient clinic charts and hospital records for a calendar year to determine patient self-reported tobacco rates. Patient medical comorbidities were tracked as well as rates of hospital utilization during the calendar year, and those figures were compared for a group of 90 patients who currently smoke and another group of 90 patients who have never smoked. Results: Tobacco smokers in the present study were more likely to have a history of several medical comorbidities including COPD, musculoskeletal problems, psychiatric treatment, and substance abuse issues. Additionally, tobacco smokers were more likely to have visited the emergency department and to have been admitted to the hospital during the year. Conclusions: The problem of tobacco smoking is complex and primary care clinics provide a wealth of information to investigate numerous comorbid concerns. Consistent with prior research, tobacco users in this study were at greater risk for many medical problems. Abstract Word Count: 19