ギャンブリング・コートが犯罪者の再社会化に果たす役割 ― アメリカの事例紹介および日本へのヒント ―

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Adaptive carbon export response to warming in the Sargasso Sea

Ocean ecosystem models predict that warming and increased surface ocean stratification will trigger a series of ecosystem events, reducing the biological export of particulate carbon to the ocean interior. We present a nearly three-decade time series from the open ocean that documents a biological response to ocean warming and nutrient reductions wherein particulate carbon export is maintained, counter to expectations. Carbon export is maintained through a combination of phytoplankton community change to favor cyanobacteria with highcellular carbon-to-phosphorus ratios and enhanced shallow phosphorus recycling leading to increased nutrient use efficiency. These results suggest that surface ocean ecosystems may be more responsive and adapt more rapidly to changes in the hydrographic system than is currently envisioned in earth ecosystem models, with positive consequences for ocean carbon uptake

Tanioka and Matsumoto (2017), MESMO output files

These are output files used in Tanioka and Matsumoto (2017), Global Biogeochemical Cycles For list of experiments please refer to Table 3 of Tanioka and Matsumoto (2017). File names correspond to the simulation ID numbers listed

POM concentrations for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from GO-SHIP Line I07N RB1803 in the Western Indian Ocean from April to June 2018 (Ocean Stoichiometry Project)

Dataset: GO-SHIP Line I07N POM ConcentrationsThis dataset includes particulate organic matter (POM) concentrations for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Data are from samples collected from NOAA Ship R/V Ronald H. Brown (cruise EXPOCODE: 33RO20180423), acting under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), I07N GO-SHIP/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Cruise in 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/879076NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-184857

POM concentrations for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from GO-SHIP Line C13.5/A13.5 in 2020

Dataset: Line C13.5/A13.5 POM concentrationsThis dataset includes particulate organic matter (POM) concentrations for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Data are from samples collected from NOAA Ship R/V Ronald H. Brown (cruise EXPOCODE: 33RO20200321), acting under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), A13.5 GO-SHIP/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Cruise in 2020. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/868908NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-184857

Global patterns and predictors of C:N:P in marine ecosystems

Oceanic nutrient cycles are coupled, yet carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in marine ecosystems is variable through space and time, with no clear consensus on the controls on variability. Here, we analyze hydrographic, plankton genomic diversity, and particulate organic matter data from 1970 stations sampled during a global ocean observation program (Bio-GO-SHIP) to investigate the biogeography of surface ocean particulate organic matter stoichiometry. We find latitudinal variability in C:N:P stoichiometry, with surface temperature and macronutrient availability as strong predictors of stoichiometry at high latitudes. Genomic observations indicated community nutrient stress and suggested that nutrient supply rate and nitrogen-versus-phosphorus stress are predictive of hemispheric and regional variations in stoichiometry. Our data-derived statistical model suggests that C:P and N:P ratios will increase at high latitudes in the future, however, changes at low latitudes are uncertain. Our findings suggest systematic regulation of elemental stoichiometry among ocean ecosystems, but that future changes remain highly uncertain

Global Ocean Particulate Organic Phosphorus, Carbon, Oxygen for Respiration, and Nitrogen (GO-POPCORN)

Concentrations and elemental stoichiometry of suspended particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen demand for respiration (C:N:P:-O2) play a vital role in characterizing and quantifying marine elemental cycles. Here, we present Version 2 of the Global Ocean Particulate Organic Phosphorus, Carbon, Oxygen for Respiration, and Nitrogen (GO-POPCORN) dataset. Version 1 is a previously published dataset of particulate organic matter from 70 different studies between 1971 and 2010, while Version 2 is comprised of data collected from recent cruises between 2011 and 2020. The combined GO-POPCORN dataset contains 2673 paired surface POC/N/P measurements from 70°S to 73°N across all major ocean basins at high spatial resolution. Version 2 also includes 965 measurements of oxygen demand for organic carbon respiration. This new dataset can help validate and calibrate the next generation of global ocean biogeochemical models with flexible elemental stoichiometry. We expect that incorporating variable C:N:P:-O2 into models will help improve our estimates of key ocean biogeochemical fluxes such as carbon export, nitrogen fixation, and organic matter remineralization