ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

Over time an ever increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism development, turning modern tourism into a key driver of socio-economic progress through export revenues, the creation of jobs and enterprises, and infrastructure development. Globally, as an export category, tourism ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and food. For many developing countries it is one of the main sources of foreign exchange income and the number one export category, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development. However, there is no economic activity without costs. Tourism generates environmental, social, and cultural costs, which are not totally inevitable. The crucial motto of the sustainable development is development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. So, the crucial question is how to foster sustainable tourism which respects local cultures, environment, society and economy all of which are already under the pressure of impacts of globalisation. This article investigates this question thoroughly with an aim to offer easily applicable methods and strategies to tourism professionals. In order to do that, this article starts with presenting the costs and benefits of globalisation and tourism, then moves on to the presentation of the methods for sustainable development. Finally, it discusses the strategies and methods to keep up the current level of growth of the tourism industry while preserving the environment, the earth, local societies and cultures, which is an important mission of today’s globalised worl

ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

Over time an ever increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism development, turning modern tourism into a key driver of socio-economic progress through export revenues, the creation of jobs and enterprises, and infrastructure development. Globally, as an export category, tourism ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and food. For many developing countries it is one of the main sources of foreign exchange income and the number one export category, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development. However, there is no economic activity without costs. Tourism generates environmental, social, and cultural costs, which are not totally inevitable. The crucial motto of the sustainable development is development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. So, the crucial question is how to foster sustainable tourism which respects local cultures, environment, society and economy all of which are already under the pressure of impacts of globalisation. This article investigates this question thoroughly with an aim to offer easily applicable methods and strategies to tourism professionals. In order to do that, this article starts with presenting the costs and benefits of globalisation and tourism, then moves on to the presentation of the methods for sustainable development. Finally, it discusses the strategies and methods to keep up the current level of growth of the tourism industry while preserving the environment, the earth, local societies and cultures, which is an important mission of today’s globalised worl

How European structure impacts on national actors: the case of Norwegian policy-makers

This article seeks to explain the role of identity politics in defining the national elite’s perceptions of the European Union and their foreign policy choices. It is argued that when analyzing foreign policy choices of the national elite, not only the interests and preferences but also the identity questions must be taken into account. In any national context, ideas, identities, and perceptions of self and the EU are expected to impact on the subsequent policy choices about Europe. This article seeks to explain this impact by applying a combination of the fusion approach and social constructivist approach on Norwegian policy-makers. Although not a member of the EU, Norway established a good level of economic integration and political cooperation with the EU through the European Economic Area Agreement. This article seeks to analyse this relationship empirically using Justice and Home Affairs Policy as a case study area

Batum’da Turizmin Gelişimi ve Bölge Gelişimine Katkısı

Tourism signifies great importance to developing countries like Georgia, where physical investment and technical specialization are insufficient. Even if it is not the engine of the long-term sustainable growth, tourism is important for Georgia to provide foreign investment, to compensate the low productivity in agricultural economy, and to reduce the unemployment by providing employment to the unskilled population. This article describes the development of tourism in Adjara region, examines and discusses actors in public and private sector, current strategies, and future plans. Interviews and surveys with local government executives, political leaders, and hotel managers are used as the primary data source; whereas statistical data and reports obtained from official sources are used as secondary data sources.Turizm, Gürcistan gibi fiziki sermayenin ve teknik uzmanlaşmanın yetersiz kaldığı gelişmekte olan ülkeler için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Uzun dönemli sürdürülebilir büyümenin tek başına motoru olmasa bile, turizmin gelişmesi Gürcistan için yabancı yatırımların ülkeye gelmesi, tarımsal ekonomideki düşük verimliliğin telafi edilmesi ve kalifiye olmayan nüfusun işsizlikten kurtarılıp istihdam edilmesini sağlaması açısından önemlidir. Bu makale, Acara bölgesindeki turizmin gelişmesini, kamu ve özel sektördeki aktörleri, mevcut stratejileri ve geleceğe ilişkin hedefleri inceler ve tartışır. Konunun analizinde birincil veri kaynakları olarak yerel kamu yöneticileri, siyasi liderler ve turistik tesis yöneticileri ile yapılan röportajlar ve anketler; ikincil veri kaynakları olarak Gürcistan resmi kaynaklarından alınan istatistik veriler, raporlar ve analizler kullanılmıştır

Batum’da Turizmin Gelişimi ve Bölge Gelişimine Katkısı

Tourism signifies great importance to developing countries like Georgia, where physical investment and technical specialization are insufficient. Even if it is not the engine of the long-term sustainable growth, tourism is important for Georgia to provide foreign investment, to compensate the low productivity in agricultural economy, and to reduce the unemployment by providing employment to the unskilled population. This article describes the development of tourism in Adjara region, examines and discusses actors in public and private sector, current strategies, and future plans. Interviews and surveys with local government executives, political leaders, and hotel managers are used as the primary data source; whereas statistical data and reports obtained from official sources are used as secondary data sources.Turizm, Gürcistan gibi fiziki sermayenin ve teknik uzmanlaşmanın yetersiz kaldığı gelişmekte olan ülkeler için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Uzun dönemli sürdürülebilir büyümenin tek başına motoru olmasa bile, turizmin gelişmesi Gürcistan için yabancı yatırımların ülkeye gelmesi, tarımsal ekonomideki düşük verimliliğin telafi edilmesi ve kalifiye olmayan nüfusun işsizlikten kurtarılıp istihdam edilmesini sağlaması açısından önemlidir. Bu makale, Acara bölgesindeki turizmin gelişmesini, kamu ve özel sektördeki aktörleri, mevcut stratejileri ve geleceğe ilişkin hedefleri inceler ve tartışır. Konunun analizinde birincil veri kaynakları olarak yerel kamu yöneticileri, siyasi liderler ve turistik tesis yöneticileri ile yapılan röportajlar ve anketler; ikincil veri kaynakları olarak Gürcistan resmi kaynaklarından alınan istatistik veriler, raporlar ve analizler kullanılmıştır

Solution of a Conjecture: On 2-PCD RFID Distance Bounding Protocols

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version.It is a popular challenge to design distance bounding protocols that are both secure and efficient. Motivated by this, many distance bounding protocols against relay attacks have been advanced in recent times. Another interesting question is whether these protocols provides the best security. In 2010, Kara et al. analysis the optimal security limits of low-cost distance bounding protocols having bit-wise fast phases and no final signature. As for the classification, they have introduced the notion of k-previous challenge dependent (k-PCD) protocols where each response bit depends on the current and the k previous challenges. They have given the theoretical security bounds for two specific classes k = 0 and 1, but have left the security bounds for k >= 2 as an open problem. In this paper, we aim to answer the open question concerning the security limits of 2-PCD protocols. We describe two generic attacks for mafia and distance frauds that can be applied on any 2-PCD protocols. Then, we provide the optimal trade-off curve between the security levels of mafia and distance frauds that determines the security limits of 2-PCD protocols. Finally our results also prove the conjecture that 2-PCD protocols enhance the security compared to 0-PCD and 1-PCD cases

Optimal control for port-Hamiltonian systems and a new perspective on dynamic network flow problems

We formulate open-loop optimal control problems for general port-Hamiltonian systems with possibly state-dependent system matrices and prove their well-posedness. The optimal controls are characterized by the first-order optimality system, which is the starting point for the derivation of an adjoint-based gradient descent algorithm. Moreover, we discuss the relationship of port-Hamiltonian dynamics and minimum cost network flow problems. Our analysis is underpinned by a proof of concept, where we apply the proposed algorithm to static minimum cost flow problems and dynamic minimum cost flow problems with a simple directed acyclic graph. The numerical results validate the approach