Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture

Epilepsy is a highly heritable disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, of which about one-third are resistant to current treatments. Here we report a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study including 29,944 cases, stratified into three broad categories and seven subtypes of epilepsy, and 52,538 controls. We identify 26 genome-wide significant loci, 19 of which are specific to genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We implicate 29 likely causal genes underlying these 26 loci. SNP-based heritability analyses show that common variants explain between 39.6% and 90% of genetic risk for GGE and its subtypes. Subtype analysis revealed markedly different genetic architectures between focal and generalized epilepsies. Gene-set analyses of GGE signals implicate synaptic processes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Prioritized candidate genes overlap with monogenic epilepsy genes and with targets of current antiseizure medications. Finally, we leverage our results to identify alternate drugs with predicted efficacy if repurposed for epilepsy treatment

Imaging RM nella caratterizzazione dei tumori triplo-negativi versus ormoni-sensibili

Il carcinoma mammario triplo negativo (TNBC) è un sottogruppo eterogeneo di cancro al seno caratterizzato dall'assenza di espressione dei recettori dell'estrogeno (ER), del progesterone (PgR) e del fattore di crescita epidermico umano del recettore-2 / neu (HER-2). Il TNBC rappresenta circa il 15-20% di tutti i casi di cancro al seno ed è generalmente considerato tra le forme più aggressive. I pazienti con diagnosi di TNBC hanno un alto rischio di recidiva e un tasso di mortalità più elevato rispetto ad altri sottotipi di cancro al seno [1]. Anche se il TNBC è stato ampiamente studiato in letteratura oncologica e patologica, ci sono pochi studi sulle caratteristiche di imaging. Tuttavia, i dati emergenti suggeriscono che le caratteristiche di imaging dei TNBC sono peculiari rispetto ad altri immunotipi di carcinomi mammari. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di analizzare le caratteristiche imaging in risonanza magnetica (RM) dei TNBC rispetto ai non-TNBC correlando con la diagnosi, la valutazione pre-trattamento e prognosi di questi tumori

Non-invasive method distinguishes chronic telogen effluvium from mild female pattern hair loss: clinicopathological correlation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Background the distinction between chronic telogen effluvium (CTE) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is important because of their different prognosis and treatment. Noninvasive methods have been described to be useful in differentiating FPHL from CTE. This prospective study investigated the use of the washing method to differentiate CTE from mild FPHL. Methods Twenty patients with CTE and 17 with FPHL were recruited and followed for 18 months. The diagnosis was established through clinical, laboratory, and histological studies. The patients were asked to abstain from washing their hair for 5 days and then shampoo and collect all hair shed in the process. Hair shafts were then counted and divided into two groups: up to 3 cm in length or longer. Results In the CTE group, the mean hair count was high (438), and in all cases, <10% were short. In patients with FPHL, the mean count was not as high (215) and in only one patient, short hairs comprised <10% of the total. The greater the number of long hairs, the higher was the density of terminal follicles seen histologically. The CTE group presented a greater number of patients with serum iron values <70 mu g/dl. Ferritin levels ranged from 6.98 to 128.33, average of 66.65 (CTE), and 16.5-304.8, average of 114.97 ng/ml (FPHL), but no significant differences were found. Conclusion The washing test can be useful to avoid biopsy procedures. Iron serum levels are possibly an additional parameter that may improve CTE diagnosis if combined with an earlier test.The distinction between chronic telogen effluvium (CTE) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is important because of their different prognosis and treatment. Noninvasive methods have been described to be useful in differentiating FPHL from CTE. This prospe557e373e379FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)sem informaçã

Personal webmelody: Customized sonification of web servers

Presented at the 7th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD), Espoo, Finland, July 29-August 1, 2001.This paper presents Personal WebMelody, a sonified web server that informs its administrator of both normal and abnormal operation through background music. It allows customization and full integration of system-generated music representing web server activity with external music sources (audio CD, MP3, etc) selected by the administrator. Our sonification technique works by associating MIDI or WAV sound tracks with web server events. In an attempt to enable the webmaster to listen to such system-generated music for a long period without becoming fatigued, we introduce the opportunity of mixing an external music source with systemgenerated music. In this way, the administrator can hear the status of the web server while listening to his or her preferred music. We present an empirical study that shows how our web server sonification can convey useful information efficiently