Aquaporin 5 Interacts with Fluoride and Possibly Protects Against Caries

Aquaporins (AQP) are water channel proteins and the genes coding for AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 are clustered in 12q13. Since AQP5 is expressed in serous acinar cells of salivary glands, we investigated its involvement in caries. DNA samples from 1,383 individuals from six groups were studied. Genotypes of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the aquaporin locus were tested for association with caries experience. Interaction with genes involved in enamel formation was tested. The association between enamel microhardness at baseline, after creation of artificial caries lesion, and after exposure to fluoride and the genetic markers in AQP5 was tested. Finally, AQP5 expression in human whole saliva, after exposure to fluoride in a mammary gland cell line, which is known to express AQP5, and in Wistar rats was also verified. Nominal associations were found between caries experience and markers in the AQP5 locus. Since these associations suggested that AQP5 may be inhibited by levels of fluoride in the drinking water that cause fluorosis, we showed that fluoride levels above optimal levels change AQP5 expression in humans, cell lines, and rats. We have shown that AQP5 is involved in the pathogenesis of caries and likely interact with fluoride.Fil: Anjomshoaa, Ida. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Briseño Ruiz, Jessica. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Deeley, Kathleen. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Poletta, Fernando Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; ArgentinaFil: Mereb, Juan C.. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Área El Bolsón ; ArgentinaFil: Leite, Aline L.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Barreta, Priscila A. T.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Silva, Thelma L.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Dizak, Piper. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Ruff, Timothy. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Patir, Asli. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Koruyucu, Mine. İstanbul Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Abbasoğlu, Zerrin. Yeditepe Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Casado, Priscila L.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; BrasilFil: Brown, Andrew. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Zaky, Samer H.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Bayram, Merve. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Küchler, Erika C.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Cooper, Margaret E.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Liu, Kai. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Marazita, Mary L.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Tanboğa, İlknur. Marmara Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Granjeiro, José M.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia; BrasilFil: Seymen, Figen. İstanbul Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Castilla, Eduardo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; Argentina. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Orioli, Iêda M.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Sfeir, Charles. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Owyang, Hongjiao. Marmara Üniversitesi; TurquíaFil: Rabelo Buzalaf, Marilia Afonso. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Vieira, Alexandre R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unido

The use of nd:yag laser on permanent molar with periapical lesions, two year follow up

It is considered that Nd:YAG (1,064 nm) laser has a bactericidal effect against bacteria to a depth of 1.000 μm. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on permanent molar root canal disinfection and follow up of the healing process. The Nd:YAG laser system, emitting at a wavelength of 1064 nm, was applied for 46 and 36 numbered root canal for three times (1.5 W, 15 Hz, 5s) in working length of a 10-year-old girl patient with caries cavities extended to the pulp and extensive periapical radiolucency. At the third session of Nd:YAG laser application the patient was asymptomatic. After two years, the clinical and radiographic follow up revealed that the patient was asymptomatic and the periapical tissues and restored tooth were healthy. The Nd:YAG laser irradiation is not an alternative but a possible supplement to existing protocols for root canal disinfection

Is Novamin Toothpaste Effective on Enamel Remineralization? An In-Vitro Study

Objectives: New bio-active glass containing toothpaste (NovaMin) is one of the most effective cariostatic products when used as a daily application the aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate the influence of NovaMin on enamel remineralization.Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight sound human enamel samples were randomly divided into four groups (A-D) each having seven samples as follows: A (Novamin), B (1450 ppm NaF and Novamin), C (CPP-ACP), D (1450ppm NaF). After inducing caries-like lesions, each group was maintained daily for demineralization-remineralization cycle for seven days. During this cycle, samples were treated by the selected toothpaste for each group. Enamel mineral loss was assessed by surface microhardness. Surface enamel microhardness was determined on the enamel blocks. Non-parametric Kruskar-Wallis test compares the amount of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) across four different toothpastes.Results: PLM data revealed a mineral precipitation band on the surface layer of all toothpastes; however, when compared to treated lesions, no statistically significant differences among the groups (p>0.05) were found. Conclusions: NovaMin containing dentifrice has similar remineralization potential on carious-like lesions when compared to fluoride containing dentifrices

Linkage disequilibrium plot illustrating the aquaporin locus on 12q13 region investigated.

<p>The single nucleotide polymorphisms are located in their approximate geographic positions in the chromosome and are distributed among the three genes. The relationship between two SNPs is represented by the intersection between the two squares and may present different colors (or color intensity) based on the value obtained for each pair. Red indicates D’ = 1 and LOD ≥ 2. Blue indicates D’ = 1 and LOD < 2. Shades of red/pink indicate D’< 1 and LOD ≥ 2. White indicates D’< 1 and LOD < 2. Markers selected for this studied include rs457487, rs467323, rs10875989, rs2878771, rs3759129, rs296759, rs296763, and rs1996315.</p

<i>AQP5</i> expression in whole saliva is lower [N = 12 children (ch) and teenagers (teen)] in individuals with moderate to severe fluorosis [N = 34 children (ch) and teenagers (teen)].

<p><i>AQP5</i> expression in whole saliva is lower [N = 12 children (ch) and teenagers (teen)] in individuals with moderate to severe fluorosis [N = 34 children (ch) and teenagers (teen)].</p

Arrows indicate sites where saliva samples were collected in Argentina.

<p>Red arrows indicate sites with very high frequency of cases with moderate to severe fluorosis and blue arrows sites where virtually no fluorosis cases were found.</p