400 research outputs found
Phase transitions in higher derivative gravity and gauge theory: R-charged black holes
This is a continuation of our earlier work where we constructed a
phenomenologically motivated effective action of the boundary gauge theory at
finite temperature and finite gauge coupling on . In this
paper, we argue that this effective action qualitatively reproduces the gauge
theory representing various bulk phases of R-charged black hole with
Gauss-Bonnet correction. We analyze the system both in canonical and grand
canonical ensemble.Comment: 36 pages, 16 figures; v2: typos corrected, references adde
Phase Transitions in Higher Derivative Gravity
This paper deals with black holes, bubbles and orbifolds in Gauss-Bonnet
theory in five dimensional anti de Sitter space. In particular, we study
stable, unstable and metastable phases of black holes from thermodynamical
perspective. By comparing bubble and orbifold geometries, we analyse associated
instabilities. Assuming AdS/CFT correspondence, we discuss the effects of this
higher derivative bulk coupling on a specific matrix model near the critical
points of the boundary gauge theory at finite temperature. Finally, we propose
another phenomenological model on the boundary which mimics various phases of
the bulk space-time.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures, LaTeX, typos corrected, clarifications in
sections 5 and 6, references adde
Statistical mechanics of transcription-factor binding site discovery using Hidden Markov Models
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are a commonly used tool for inference of
transcription factor (TF) binding sites from DNA sequence data. We exploit the
mathematical equivalence between HMMs for TF binding and the "inverse"
statistical mechanics of hard rods in a one-dimensional disordered potential to
investigate learning in HMMs. We derive analytic expressions for the Fisher
information, a commonly employed measure of confidence in learned parameters,
in the biologically relevant limit where the density of binding sites is low.
We then use techniques from statistical mechanics to derive a scaling principle
relating the specificity (binding energy) of a TF to the minimum amount of
training data necessary to learn it.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures, 1 table V2 - typos fixed and new references
adde
Changes in the Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Proteome with Ageing.
Following central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can differentiate into new myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in a regenerative process called remyelination. Although remyelination is very efficient in young adults, its efficiency declines progressively with ageing. Here we performed proteomic analysis of OPCs freshly isolated from the brains of neonate, young and aged female rats. Approximately 50% of the proteins are expressed at different levels in OPCs from neonates compared with their adult counterparts. The amount of myelin-associated proteins, and proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation, inflammatory responses and actin cytoskeletal organization increased with age, whereas cholesterol-biosynthesis, transcription factors and cell cycle proteins decreased. Our experiments provide the first ageing OPC proteome, revealing the distinct features of OPCs at different ages. These studies provide new insights into why remyelination efficiency declines with ageing and potential roles for aged OPCs in other neurodegenerative diseases
Formation of regulatory modules by local sequence duplication
Turnover of regulatory sequence and function is an important part of
molecular evolution. But what are the modes of sequence evolution leading to
rapid formation and loss of regulatory sites? Here, we show that a large
fraction of neighboring transcription factor binding sites in the fly genome
have formed from a common sequence origin by local duplications. This mode of
evolution is found to produce regulatory information: duplications can seed new
sites in the neighborhood of existing sites. Duplicate seeds evolve
subsequently by point mutations, often towards binding a different factor than
their ancestral neighbor sites. These results are based on a statistical
analysis of 346 cis-regulatory modules in the Drosophila melanogaster genome,
and a comparison set of intergenic regulatory sequence in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. In fly regulatory modules, pairs of binding sites show
significantly enhanced sequence similarity up to distances of about 50 bp. We
analyze these data in terms of an evolutionary model with two distinct modes of
site formation: (i) evolution from independent sequence origin and (ii)
divergent evolution following duplication of a common ancestor sequence. Our
results suggest that pervasive formation of binding sites by local sequence
duplications distinguishes the complex regulatory architecture of higher
eukaryotes from the simpler architecture of unicellular organisms
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Low-voltage magnetoelectric coupling in Fe0.5Rh0.5/0.68PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-0.32PbTiO3 thin-film heterostructures
The rapid development of computing applications demands novel low-energy consumption devices for information processing. Among various candidates, magnetoelectric heterostructures hold promise for meeting the required voltage and power goals. Here, a route to low-voltage control of magnetism in 30 nm FeRh/100 nm 0.68PbMgNbO-0.32PbTiO (PMN-PT) heterostructures is demonstrated wherein the magnetoelectric coupling is achieved via strain-induced changes in the FeRh mediated by voltages applied to the PMN-PT. We describe approaches to achieve high-quality, epitaxial growth of FeRh on the PMN-PT films and, a methodology to probe and quantify magnetoelectric coupling in small thin-film devices via studies of the anomalous Hall effect. By comparing the spin-flop field change induced by temperature and external voltage, the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient is estimated to reach ≈7 × 10 s m at 325 K while applying a −0.75 V bias
Deep generative modeling for single-cell transcriptomics.
Single-cell transcriptome measurements can reveal unexplored biological diversity, but they suffer from technical noise and bias that must be modeled to account for the resulting uncertainty in downstream analyses. Here we introduce single-cell variational inference (scVI), a ready-to-use scalable framework for the probabilistic representation and analysis of gene expression in single cells ( https://github.com/YosefLab/scVI ). scVI uses stochastic optimization and deep neural networks to aggregate information across similar cells and genes and to approximate the distributions that underlie observed expression values, while accounting for batch effects and limited sensitivity. We used scVI for a range of fundamental analysis tasks including batch correction, visualization, clustering, and differential expression, and achieved high accuracy for each task
Global modeling of transcriptional responses in interaction networks
Motivation: Cell-biological processes are regulated through a complex network
of interactions between genes and their products. The processes, their
activating conditions, and the associated transcriptional responses are often
unknown. Organism-wide modeling of network activation can reveal unique and
shared mechanisms between physiological conditions, and potentially as yet
unknown processes. We introduce a novel approach for organism-wide discovery
and analysis of transcriptional responses in interaction networks. The method
searches for local, connected regions in a network that exhibit coordinated
transcriptional response in a subset of conditions. Known interactions between
genes are used to limit the search space and to guide the analysis. Validation
on a human pathway network reveals physiologically coherent responses,
functional relatedness between physiological conditions, and coordinated,
context-specific regulation of the genes. Availability: Implementation is
freely available in R and Matlab at http://netpro.r-forge.r-project.orgComment: 19 pages, 13 figure
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