Online Purchase System

e-Commerce is important information technology tool for today business. Web based business has been build to has goal of reducing cost of organization operation and increase profit. It also provides excellent support for customer and builds a good customer relationship. This paper is to build a portion of online purchase system, focus on purchase requisition system. The system also adopts a new technology call XML for the web advantage. As the result, the project evaluates the combination of the XML technology and the purchase requisition system

Genesize Polymorphism and Pathogenicity in Embryonated Eggs of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Isolated From Commercial Chickens

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Infected birds show respiratory and reproductive problems which lead to severe economic losses in poultry industry. There are only few published data on avian mycoplasmosis in Malaysia, thus, this study was carried out to determine the strain variability and pathogenicity of MG isolates, towards understanding the control of the infection. A total of 4605 samples were collected from chickens and their progeny from various commercial farms using sterile cotton swabs for culturing onto mycoplasma agar. Twenty three (23) MG isolates were obtained from suspected MG infected commercial chickens. Although MG could be isolated from various sites of the host, in this study, choanal and tracheal sites proved to be the best sites in live birds. On the other hand, trachea and airsac samples were the best sites for the detection of MG for chick embryos or chicks. Size variations among polymerase chain reaction products divergence of the MG-specific gene were the basis for strain differentiation. The local isolates exhibited gene size polymorphism in pvpA gene, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region gene, ermA gene and pMGA or vlhA gene with the presence of insertion or deletion observed in PCR products. However, the gapA gene, LP gene, F-strain-specific DNA fragment gene, CrmB gene, CrmC gene, p47 gene, HMW3-like protein gene and pneumoniae-like protein A gene sequences were constant in size. The embryonated eggs were each inoculated with "pleuropneumonia like organism" (PPLO) broth containing MG strains, via yolk sac. Mycoplasma gal/isepticum embryos, broth inoculated and uninoculated control embryonated eggs were examined at necropsy days 7, 10, 13 and 15 post-inoculation. The pathogenicity of the isolates in chicken embryonated eggs showed variations among each other. The MG isolates and strains that showed a wide variation in genes were examined for virulence in ovo. In this study, the presence of caseous airsac lesion correlated with virulence ofMG and presence of high maternal antibody titer. MG were isolated only in embryos that did not develop any caseous airsac lesions. MG inoculated embryos were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive regardless of the absence or presence of caseous airsac lesion, suggesting that caseous airsac lesion maybe the result of formation of antigen-antibody complex. Caseous airsacs were found to be one of the prominent lesions associated with MG infection. For certain highly pathogenic strains, there was clear relationship between the caseous airsac lesion and the presence of maternal antibody titer and embryo mortality. Less pathogenic strains that grow well usually caused embryo mortality during later stages of incubation and there was no strict correlation between caseous airsac lesion and the presence or absence of maternal antibody and embryo mortality. Based on the presence of the gene size polymorphism in pvpA gene and pMGA or vlhA gene; MGS6 (reference strain), 144 and 1-18 strains of MG showed a similar pattern of pathogenicity in that they are highly pathogenic, whereas, H21 8T, H21 lIT, H24 5C and H26 9C have similar pattern of molecular characterization and pathogenicity with ts-l1 (vaccine strain), characterized by their less pathogenicity in embryos. MGS6, 144 and 1-18 strains caused early embryonic death compared to ts-11, H21 8T, H2 1 lIT, H24 5C and H26 9C strains that caused embryo mortality during later stages of incubation. At this point, the postulation is that, when maternal antibody of MG is high and MG challenge is present, caseous airsac may occur. This would be due to maternal antibody in the eggs which may bind to MG that served as antigen to form antigen-antibody complexes. The immune complexes may help to release cytokines and attract more macrophages and other inflammatory cells, which help to increase the severity of the air sac lesion. When the MG strain with the gene size polymorphism in pvpA gene and pMGA or vlhA gene that has similar pattern with MGS6, it correlates with the formation of caseous air sac, as well as the increase in severity of the caseous airsac. This study showed that the combination of the gene size polymorphism in pvpA gene and pMGA or vlhA gene can be used as pathogenic markers for MG in determination of its pathogenicity towards chick embryos. Based on characterization and pathogenicity, MG field strains H2 1 8T, H21 HT, H24 5C and H26 9C showed similar pattern of molecular and pathogenicity characteristic with ts-l1 and therefore are potential candidates for live MG vaccine

Real Effective Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: Empirical Evidence from India’s Sub-National Economies

This paper investigates the impact of real effective exchange rates (REER), both in terms of levels and volatility, on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows for a panel of 35 Indian sub-national economies over the period 2000-2013. In light of the asymmetric distribution of FDI inflows within India, we focus on examining the nexus between FDI inflows at the sub-national level and India’s competitiveness captured by REER. Our empirical analysis reveals that movements in REER have a significant and negative impact on FDI inflows, while REER volatility is found to be inducing FDI. Our results are suggestive that FDI inflows into India are largely domestic market oriented in nature. Purpose: In light of the asymmetric distribution of FDI inflows within India, we focus on examining the nexus between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows at the sub-national level and India’s competitiveness captured by real effective exchange rates (REER). This paper investigates the impact of REER, both in terms of levels and volatility, on FDI inflows to 35 Indian sub-national economies over the period 2000-2013. Research Methodology: To examine the impact of REER on FDI inflows, we compile a panel dataset for 35 sub-national economies covering the time period 2000 to 2013. We employ panel fixed effects models to explore our relationship of interest between REER and FDI, controlling for other characteristics specific to a sub-national economy.Findings: Our empirical analysis reveals that movements in REER have a significant and negative impact on FDI inflows, while REER volatility is found to be inducing FDI. Our results are suggestive that FDI inflows into India are largely domestic market-oriented in nature. Originality/Value: Considering that India’s FDI inflows exhibit significant concentration patterns among selected regions, we exploit this heterogeneity at the sub-national level to empirically understand the determinants of FDI, with a particular focus on cost competitiveness as captured by REER. The extant literature has not explicitly focused on testing the impact of REER both in terms of its levels and volatility on FDI inflows to India at the sub-national level, especially not at the sub-national level. While admittedly the exchange rate varies only at the national level, the value-addition comes from understanding its interaction with state-varying macroeconomic indicators

Measuring Cost of Living for Ordinary Residents in Cities: A New Index

Cost of living is an important indicator to track and monitor basic living standards for cities. There is no reliable and consistent index available in the literature for comparing the cost of living across different major cities to guide policy analysis. Commercial cost of living surveys, while very useful in facilitating compensation decisions for expatriate managers, are inadequate as they do not account for differences in consumption patterns among cities and also do not consider differences in lifestyles between ordinary residents and expatriates across cities. In this context, this paper makes a pioneering attempt in the literature to come up with a comprehensive way to measure the cost of living for ordinary residents of 103 cities in the world. One of the features of the paper’s empirical methodology is that it makes a distinction between the cost of living for expatriates and ordinary residents. We focus on the results pertaining to ordinary residents in this paper

Slow Growth and Sluggish Manufacturing in Indonesia’s Less Competitive Provinces: A Geweke Causality Analysis

This article presents a causality analysis of lagging economic growth in two Indonesian provinces: East Nusa Tenggara and North Maluku. We identify three variables which stand out for some of Indonesia’s economically challenged provinces: consistently low gross domestic product (GDP) growth, low levels of manufacturing, and under-utilisation of labour. Using Geweke causality analysis, we identify and measure the direction of causal effects between these variables. Our empirical findings confirm that output growth is affected by the level of value addition in economic activities and the productivity of human resources. We find that both the secondary sector’s contribution to gross regional development product (GRDP) and labour productivity contribute to the changes in overall provincial GRDP, but not the other way around. Such findings suggest that development in Indonesia’s economically challenged provinces would benefit greatly from expansion of appropriate manufacturing and value added activities, and more productive utilization of labour force in full employment situations

Detection and characterization of chicken anemia virus from commercial broiler breeder chickens

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is the causative agent of chicken infectious anemia (CIA). Study on the type of CAV isolates present and their genetic diversity, transmission to their progeny and level of protection afforded in the breeder farms is lacking in Malaysia. Hence, the present study was aimed to detect CAV from commercial broiler breeder farms and characterize CAV positive samples based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 12 CAV isolates from different commercial broiler breeder farms were isolated and characterized. Detection of CAV positive embryos by the PCR assay in the range of 40 to 100% for different farms indicated high level of occurrence of vertical transmission of viral DNA to the progeny. CAV antigen was detected in the thymus and in the bone marrow but not in spleen, liver, duodenum, ovary and oviduct by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. The 12 CAV isolates were characterized based on partial sequences of VP1 gene. Six isolates (MF1A, MF3C, M3B5, NF4A, P12B and P24A) were found to have maximum homology with previously characterized Malaysian isolate SMSC-1, four isolates (M1B1, NF3A, PYT4 and PPW4) with isolate BL-5 and the remaining two (NF1D and NF2C) have maximum homology both with isolates 3-1 and BL-5. Meanwhile, seven of the isolates with amino acid profile of 75-I, 97-L, 139-Q and 144-Q were clustered together in cluster I together with other isolates from different geographical places. The remaining five isolates with amino acid profile of 75-V, 97-M, 139-K and 144-E were grouped under cluster II. All the CAV isolates demonstrated omega values (K_a/K_s) of less than one (the values ranging from 0.07 to 0.5) suggesting the occurrence of purifying (negative) selection in all the studied isolates.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study showed that CAV is widespread in the studied commercial broiler breeder farms. The result also indicated the occurrence of genetic variability in local CAV isolates that can be divided at least into two groups based on characteristic amino acid substitutions at positions 75, 97, 139 and 144 of the VP1 protein.</p

Effective PRCs positioning for PAPR reduction using PRCs in OFDM systems

In this paper, the effective use of peak reduction carrier (PRC) for PAPR reduction is evaluated. By taking into account the number of PRCs, its position and PRC-to-Data ratio, the recommendation on how to effectively adopt PRC for PAPR reduction is carried out for OFDM systems with sub-carriers from 64 sub-carriers to 8192 sub-carriers. From our simulations, it has been shown that there are effective positions for PRC allocation as well as a balance needs to be strike for transmission efficiency versus PAPR reduction effectiveness evaluated via the PRC-to-Data ratio

Molecular identification of two genetic markers that distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

A total of 571 Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) field isolates originated from progenies and commercial poultry farms in Malaysia and 7 reference and vaccine strains were characterized by amplification of selected gene target specific sequences to MG pMGA and pvpA genes using conventional PCR of sequence specific primers. A total of 281 MG positive field isolates out of 571 MG samples were detected with the primer targeted pMGA gene and a total of 188 MG positive field isolates out of 571 MG samples were detected with the primer targeted pvpA gene. Similar and identical banding pattern among MG isolates obtained from progenies samples however, there was a variable on the banding pattern among MG isolates obtained from commercial chickens using the agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequencing analysis results of MG based on selected genes targeted specific sequences were obtained. The genetic diversity of the pMGA and pvpA genes of MG field isolates detected in progenies and commercial chickens were investigated. The gene size variation patterns of the pMGA and pvpA genes among MG field isolates shared identical variations with the pathogenic reference and vaccine strains that is an insertion bp fragments by using the pMGA gene primer set and a deletion bp fragments by using the pvpA gene primer set. However, the gene size variation patterns are quite different from the variation pattern of the less pathogenic vaccine strain that can’t be transmitted vertically. The polymorphism pattern of the primer for pMGA gene might be considered as a pathogenic vertical marker and the polymorphisms patterns of the two primers sets for both pMGA and pvpA genes might be useful for determining the two genetic potential pathogenic marker for MG infection that can differentiate between the highly and the less pathogenic MG isolates

Polymerase chain reaction-based discrimination of viable from non-viable <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>

The present study was based on the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the 16S ribosomal nucleic acid (rRNA) of Mycoplasma for detection of viable Mycoplasma gallisepticum. To determine the stability of M. gallisepticum 16S rRNA in vitro, three inactivation methods were used and the suspensions were stored at different temperatures. The 16S rRNA of M. gallisepticum was detected up to approximately 20–25 h at 37 °C, 22–25 h at 16 °C, and 23–27 h at 4 °C. The test, therefore, could detect viable or recently dead M. gallisepticum (< 20 h). The RT-PCR method was applied during an in vivo study of drug efficacy under experimental conditions, where commercial broiler-breeder eggs were inoculated with M. gallisepticum into the yolk. Hatched chicks that had been inoculated in ovo were treated with Macrolide 1. The method was then applied in a flock of day 0 chicks with naturally acquired vertical transmission of M. gallisepticum, treated with Macrolide 2. Swabs of the respiratory tract were obtained for PCR and RT-PCR evaluations to determine the viability of M. gallisepticum. This study proved that the combination of both PCR and RT-PCR enables detection and differentiation of viable from non-viable M. gallisepticum

Green Power architecture considerations for rural computing

The introduction of computer technology has brought revolutionary impacts to the living in rural areas. This technology has narrowed the digital divide between the urban and the rural. However, limitation in electricity supply is the major constraint in powering up the Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) equipment in the rural. Consistent electricity supply has become an obstacle in deploying computing systems in the rural environment. Therefore, green and energy efficient power architecture has been proposed in this paper to reduce power wastage and make efficient use of the power for consumption by ICT equipment in order to prolong the operating time of the equipment. Green power architecture can generally be organized into several areas of application such as power sustainability, energy efficiency and reduction in power loss. The effective use of power provision in rural areas has also been taken into consideration. This paper shows that systems that are direct DC powered, wired networked and use solid state Hard Disk Drive (HDD) are more energy efficient and those are the important parameters for rural computing implementation