Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms

Real-world has many optimization scenarios with multiple constraints and objective functions that are discontinuous, nonlinear, non-convex, and multi-modal in nature. Also, the optimization problems are multi-dimensional with mixed types of variables like integer, real, discrete, binary, and having a different range of values which demands normalization. Hence, the search space of the problem cannot be smooth. Evolutionary algorithms have started gaining attention and have been employed for computational processes to solve complex engineering problems. Because it has become an instrument for research scientists and engineers who need to apply the supremacy of the theory of evolution to shape any optimization-based research problems and articles. In this chapter, there is a comprehensive introduction to the optimization field with the state-of-the-art in evolutionary computation. Though many books have described such areas of optimization in any form as evolution strategies, genetic programming, genetic algorithms, and evolutionary programming, evolutionary algorithms, that is, evolutionary computation is remarkable for considering it to discuss in detail as a general class

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: Their distribution and association with plants in the revegetated mine spoils of India – an overview

Reclamation of mine spoils is receiving considerable attention in the recent years due to the ill effects of mining and dumping of the mine spoil waste leading to various environmental hazards. Mycorrhizal inoculation of mine spoils and mine spoil dumps is essential for the establishment of a diverse plant community and a better ecosystem.  This review focuses on the status of AM fungi, their distribution, diversity and density in the various mine spoils and mine spoil dumps of India. Species belonging to the genus Glomus was found to be widely distributed among the mine spoils. Legumes were the dominant and tolerant plants of the mine spoils supporting mycorrhizal colonisation

Gaschromatography Mass Spectrometry GC MS Determination of Bioactive Components from Aervalanata. (L.) Whole Plant

Aervalanata L. belongs to the family of Amaranthaceae, found in the tropical regions. Traditionally, this plant is known for antimicrobial, anthelminthic, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, diuretic, nephroprotective, cytotoxic, and antihyperlipidemic activities. As yet no further characteristic study has been conducted from ethanolic extract of this species, therefore in this present study we seek to identify and evaluate the bioactive compounds from the ethanolic extracts of Aervalanata L whole plant by using the GCMS. Result of this research work reports twenty-eight compounds. The identified chemical compounds were correlated with the NIST Mass Spectrum Library.In conclusion, we seek to provide additional information on the clinical significance and pharmacological information associated with this plant

Fatal Case of Diazepam and Paraquat Poisoning – A Case Report

Background: A very dangerous activity among youth and young adults is the indiscriminate mixing and sharing of prescription drugs, often in combination with alcohol or other drugs. The effects of these combinations of substances can be fatal.Case Report: A 28 years old adult male with alleged history of diazepam and paraquat poisoning was admitted with complaints of chest discomfort, epigastric pain, vomiting and drowsiness. The patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and expired on the next day. To conclude, diazepam even though considered to be a safer drug, has risk of drug abuse and is fatal when taken in overdose along with other central nervous system depressants. Paraquat is a highly toxic compound widely used as herbicide and ingestion of the drug causes death due to respiratory failure. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes on the proper surveillance of diazepam intake in known psychiatric patients and strict rules must be enforced by the Government on marketing of herbicides and pesticides

Assessing the Impact of Behavioral Activation Therapy on Physiological and Chemical Markers of Depression in Adolescents: A Study in Puducherry Schools

Background: According to WHO, Sep 2020 reported globally, depression is the leading cause of illness and disability among adolescents aged 15-19 years. Adolescence is a period in which an individual undergoes physical, psychological and cognitive changes. Additionally, the adolescent experiences changes in social expectations and perceptions. This affects how the adolescents feel, think, make decisions, and interact with the world around them. The main aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy on Bio-physiological and Biochemical measures on Depression among Adolescents. Methods: True experimental research design (Pretest and posttest design) was obtained for this study to check the feasibility of the effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy among adolescents with Mild and Moderate Depression. Demographic variables and a standardized tool Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was given to the study participants. The total sample size was 150 adolescents with Mild and Moderate Depression. True experimental research design was used between two group pretest and posttest design). BMI and Salivary Cortisol was calculated prior to the interventions and after the interventions in experimental group and control group. Experimental group received Behavioral Activation Therapy and routine care for control group. Behavioral Activation Therapy involves 10 weeks sessions Situation-mood-activity cycle, solving intruistic issues, social skills training, shaping healthy behaviors, rewards and follow up behavior contract. Theduration of intervention was three months. After three months of duration Post test was conducted in both experimental and control group. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were tabulated by Sigma plot software

Vaginal deliveries in a tertiary centre: a current profile

Background: A normal delivery is what every woman wishes to have. The objective of this study was to find out the maternal and neonatal outcome and background characteristics of women delivering vaginally in a tertiary care center in Chennai, South India.Methods: For this one-year study, with power above 80%, Parturition records were selected by computerized random numbers, for a calculated sample size. Salient demographic features such as age, residential background and religion were noted. Details of obstetric history, past and current, delivery and baby details and admission to NICU were analyzed. Acceptance of postpartum contraception was noted.Results: A total of 338 women delivered vaginally. Majority of 63%, were from urban background. Late referrals were 19.2% of women,38.5% women had antenatal complications. Primigravida were 49.7%. Nearly 91.4% of women delivered naturally. Previous pregnancy loss was noted in 14.8%. Term deliveries were in 72% of women, and 2.7% of women delivered twins. Average birth weight among primi was 2.5kg and in multi it was 2.8 kg. There were no maternal deaths. Perinatal deaths of 2.96%, of which 90% were preterm births, and all among babies with birth weight below 1.5 kg.Conclusions: The larger majority of 91.4% of women had natural vaginal delivery. Primigravida were 49.7%, and 63% were from urban background. Antenatal complications, obstetric, medical or other complications were noted in 38.5 % of women. Most often observed complications were Gestational hypertension, Gestational diabetes, and Hypothyroidism. NICU care was required for 18% of babies. Preterm births were16.6%. Perinatal deaths were seen in 2.96% of babies. There were no maternal deaths

Design of an efficient battery model using evolutionary algorithms.

Batteries play a vital role in current scenario of energy storage, even though many techniques of energy storage are available, since the time taken to start delivering the stored energy is very less. The battery life time depends upon its charging and discharging characteristics, which are in turn, depend on the internal parameters of battery. These parameters include resistance, capacitance and open circuit voltage. The amount of energy stored in the battery can be calculated by estimating these parameters. In this paper, an optimized model for Lithium ion batteries is presented using evolutionary algorithms to estimate the internal parameters of the battery over different charging and discharging rates. A sample EIG make, 2.5 V, 8 Ahr Lithium ion battery is modeled using two evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) for different charging and discharging rates. The results of two algorithms are compared with the catalog values given by the manufacturer in order to identify the appropriate algorithm for battery modeling and validation. This paper concludes that battery characteristics obtained by CMA-ES algorithm match with the measured manufacturer characteristics

Neutrosophic bipolar vague binary topological space

In this paper, we make an interesting connection between the mathematical approaches to vagueness and the bipolar binary set. The concept of bipolar binary sets over two universal sets. To eliminate ambiguity in a data set, bipolarity is primarily introduced in imprecise binary sets. This article's main objective is to familiarize the reader with the novel concept of a neutrosophic bipolar vague binary set. We also discuss operations like ‘union’, ‘intersection’ and ‘complement’. The concepts of neutrosophic bipolar vague binary topology, zero, unit, open and closed set, neutrosophic bipolar vague binary ‘????-open’ and ‘????-closed’ sets are introduced and their properties are also discussed. Furthermore, the neutrosophic bipolar vague binary ‘b-interior’ and ‘b-closure’ set are defined. Theorems related to these concepts are stated and proved