Metamorphic Code Generation from LLVM IR Bytecode

Metamorphic software changes its internal structure across generations with its functionality remaining unchanged. Metamorphism has been employed by malware writers as a means of evading signature detection and other advanced detection strate- gies. However, code morphing also has potential security benefits, since it increases the “genetic diversity” of software. In this research, we have created a metamorphic code generator within the LLVM compiler framework. LLVM is a three-phase compiler that supports multiple source languages and target architectures. It uses a common intermediate representation (IR) bytecode in its optimizer. Consequently, any supported high-level programming language can be transformed to this IR bytecode as part of the LLVM compila- tion process. Our metamorphic generator functions at the IR bytecode level, which provides many advantages over previously developed metamorphic generators. The morphing techniques that we employ include dead code insertion—where the dead code is actually executed within the morphed code—and subroutine permutation. We have tested the effectiveness of our code morphing using hidden Markov model analysis

Puerperal sepsis: predominant organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern

Background: Puerperal sepsis is among the leading cause of preventable maternal morbidity and mortality not only in developing countries but in developed countries as well. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify aerobic bacterial agents of puerperal sepsis among the patients admitted in rural medical college of Maharashtra.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 67 cases of Puerperal sepsis and were cultured aerobically. The organisms were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Out of 67 samples, 46 (68.65%) yielded growth in blood culture. The isolated organisms were Klebsiella aerogenes, Staph. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and coagulase negative Staphylococci. Most of the organisms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillin and amikacin.Conclusions: Puerperal sepsis is the common life threatening condition in the postnatal period, particularly following vaginal delivery. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of puerperal sepsis can make the difference between life and death

PARENTAL PERCEPTION OF LOW IQ FACTS OR FICTION: RETROSPECTIVE DATA FROM CLINIC IN SEMI RURAL MAHARASHTRA

Objective: To study the association between physical and psychological problems perceived by parents and the IQ of their children. Methods: We studied 981 children in the child development center at Ahmednagar. Median age at followup was 7.8y (Q25=5.6y and Q75=10.4y, Babies underwent IQ evaluation by Binet Kamat scale (n=981); also their physical and psychological problems perceived by parents were documented. We categorized children into 4 categories using a number of problems (physical and psychological separately) viz 1 (no problem), 2 (1 problem), 3 (2 problems), 4 (>2 problems). When we looked at physical problem data, 555 (56.6%) had no problem, 251 (25.6%) had 1, 117 (11.9%) had 2, and the remaining 58 (5.9%) had more than 2. For psychological problems like not interested in studies, speech problems don\u27t remember, don\u27t understand, cannot concentrate, fears, etc. The distribution was 221 (22.5%), 212 (21.6%), 222 (22.6%) and 326 (33.3%) respectively. Result: The increasing trend of mean IQ for physical problem parameters from nil to >2 categories and decreasing prevalence of low IQ using the Binet Kamat scale were not significant. However, for psychological problems, the decreasing and statistically significant trend (p=0.000) was present for mean IQ, and a significant increasing trend (p=0.029) for the prevalence of low IQ was observed. Conclusion: Psychological problems were associated with IQ. Numbers of problems were inversely correlated with IQ. Keywords: Parental Perception; Low IQ; Behavioral Problems; Physical Problems

PARENTAL PERCEPTION OF LOW IQ FACTS OR FICTION: RETROSPECTIVE DATA FROM CLINIC IN SEMI RURAL MAHARASHTRA

Objective: To study the association between physical and psychological problems perceived by parents and the IQ of their children. Methods: We studied 981 children in the child development center at Ahmednagar. Median age at followup was 7.8y (Q25=5.6y and Q75=10.4y, Babies underwent IQ evaluation by Binet Kamat scale (n=981); also their physical and psychological problems perceived by parents were documented. We categorized children into 4 categories using a number of problems (physical and psychological separately) viz 1 (no problem), 2 (1 problem), 3 (2 problems), 4 (>2 problems). When we looked at physical problem data, 555 (56.6%) had no problem, 251 (25.6%) had 1, 117 (11.9%) had 2, and the remaining 58 (5.9%) had more than 2. For psychological problems like not interested in studies, speech problems don't remember, don't understand, cannot concentrate, fears, etc. The distribution was 221 (22.5%), 212 (21.6%), 222 (22.6%) and 326 (33.3%) respectively. Result: The increasing trend of mean IQ for physical problem parameters from nil to >2 categories and decreasing prevalence of low IQ using the Binet Kamat scale were not significant. However, for psychological problems, the decreasing and statistically significant trend (p=0.000) was present for mean IQ, and a significant increasing trend (p=0.029) for the prevalence of low IQ was observed. Conclusion: Psychological problems were associated with IQ. Numbers of problems were inversely correlated with IQ. Keywords: Parental Perception; Low IQ; Behavioral Problems; Physical Problems

Comparative Analysis of Characteristics of Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network for Induction Motor Fault Detection

In the paper, induction motors faults are studied and detected with the use of Multilayer Perceptron neural network. Multilayer Perceptron neural network is trained and tested in this paper. Simple parameters like set of currents are taken as an input and fed to a Multilayer Perceptron neural network. Different parameters like Mean Square Error (MSE) are calculated and used for analysis of losses and hence faults

Evaluation of response reduction factor and ductility factorfor RC braced frame

Response reduction factor is the factor by which the actual base shear force should be reduced, to obtain the design lateral force during design basic earthquake (DBE) shaking. The response reduction factor (R) is basically depends on Over strength (Rs), Ductility (Rµ), Redundancy (RR). So there is a need to come up with realistic R factors for different structural systems used in various countries. In the present study efforts are made to evaluate the response reduction factor and ductility of RC braced frame using nonlinear static pushover analysis. The types of the frame considered in this study are RC frame with X bracing at centre bay, RC frame with X bracing at alternate bays, shear wall at canter and alternate bays. The result of this study shows that R factor and lateral strength of RC frames are considerably affected by the types and arrangement of the bracing system

Role of membrane lipids in regulation of Alzheimer’s disease associated proteins and vice-a-versa

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with extracellular deposits of the amyloid β- peptide (Aβ) and intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain. Aβ is generated by sequential proteolytic processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. γ-secretase is a multimeric protein complex with presenilins as catalytic subunits, which cleave APP C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) generated by β-secretase cleavage of APP. Several studies have indicated dysregulation of protein transport and lipid metabolism as an important aspect of AD. The cleavage of APP by secretases which occurs predominantly in post-Golgi secretory and endocytic compartments is influenced by cholesterol, indicating a role of the membrane lipid composition in the processing of APP. Moreover, γ-secretase activity has been shown to be dependent on membrane lipids. In the present study, on one hand the effects of perturbations in membrane lipid composition on APP processing were analyzed in detail. On the other hand, the role of presenilins in maintenance of membrane lipid homeostasis was investigated as well. By various approaches, it was established that APP transport, stability, maturation and processing is affected by glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Importantly, the inhibition of GSL biosynthesis decreased secretion of Aβ, whereas addition of exogenous GSLs lead to higher Aβ levels as well as strong accumulation of APP-CTFs. Thus, the presented studies identified GSL metabolism as a novel target to regulate the levels of Aβ. Moreover, there is a growing perception that the increased levels of APP-CTFs contribute to AD pathology by exerting toxic effects. Elevated levels of APP-CTFs were also detected in various sphingolipid storage disorders (SLSDs). Interestingly, tau pathology and inflammation caused by microgliosis is observed both in AD as well as some sphingolipid storage disorders (SLSDs). Therefore, an accumulation of APPCTFs associated with altered sphingolipid metabolism might be an important common aspect of these disorders, which contributes to the observed neurodegeneration. In the course of these studies, a novel way by which presenilins regulate the cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism was also revealed. Inhibition of γ-secretase activity results in inefficient endocytosis of LDL, which led to increased cellular de novo cholesterol biosynthesis via transcriptional up-regulation of CYP51. Evidence is provided for the global role of presenilins in regulation of endocytosis and degradation of membrane lipids and a broad range of proteins. The lack of γ-secretase activity causes an accumulation of membrane sphingolipids as well as membrane proteins. Thus, results validate the previously proposed hypothesis that presenilin are necessary for membrane protein clearance. Moreover, familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) associated mutations in presenilin disturbed the membrane lipid-protein homeostasis in a similar fashion by blocking endocytosis, indicating loss of function. The inhibition of γ-secretase activity is a rational strategy to decrease Aβ generation in AD therapy. However, since γ-secretase is involved in the cleavage of different substrates, a general inhibition of this enzyme could affect different biological processes. The finding that the inhibition of γ-secretase activity also impaired membrane lipid-protein homeostasis underscores the necessity of targeting γ-secretase cleavage of APP, without affecting other cellular pathways

A robust authorship attribution on big period

Authorship attribution is a task to identify the writer of unknown text and categorize it to known writer. Writing style of each author is distinct and can be used for the discrimination. There are different parameters responsible for rectifying such changes. When the writing samples collected for an author when it belongs to small period, it can participate efficiently for identification of unknown sample. In this paper author identification problem considered where writing sample is not available on the same time period. Such evidences collected over long period of time. And character n-gram, word n-gram and pos n-gram features used to build the model. As they are contributing towards style of writer in terms of content as well as statistic characteristic of writing style. We applied support vector machine algorithm for classification. Effective results and outcome came out from the experiments. While discriminating among multiple authors, corpus selection and construction were the most tedious task which was implemented effectively. It is observed that accuracy varied on feature type. Word and character n-gram have shown good accuracy than PoS n-gram