769 research outputs found
Corruption as a Deviant Social Attitude
Corruption is a specific field of cooperation between social sectors. Corruption is a deviant behaviour, which can be traced back to several causes: the nature of economic and social regime as well as cultural aspects. The aim of corruption is to obtain advantages. The private advantages, however, are usually accompanied by significant social disadvantages. Corrupt behaviour often becomes a social norm. This paper analyses corruption as a deviant social attitude. Examining the countries of the Central Eastern European region, it states that they are moderately infected with corruption, which requires a national strategy against corruption and the establishment of institutional conditions for the implementation of the strategy. The paper underlines that corruption should be addressed not only within a national framework, it is also necessary to build up close co-operation among countries belonging to the same socio-economic system.integrity, norm, bribery, State Audit Office, public funds
Spectral expansion for finite temperature two-point functions and clustering
Recently, the spectral expansion of finite temperature two-point functions in
integrable quantum field theories was constructed using a finite volume
regularization technique and the application of multidimensional residues. In
the present work, the original calculation is revisited. By clarifying some
details in the residue evaluations, we find and correct some inaccuracies of
the previous result. The final result for contributions involving no more than
two particles in the intermediate states is presented. The result is verified
by proving a symmetry property which follows from the general structure of the
spectral expansion, and also by numerical comparison to the discrete finite
volume spectral sum. A further consistency check is performed by showing that
the expansion satisfies the cluster property up to the order of the evaluation.Comment: 38 pages, 1 eps figure
Change of labour productivity on farms in European Union member countries (2004-2011)
In 2004, eight Central and Eastern European countries joined the European Union. Their agriculture
was significantly behind the majority of the 15 former EU member countries both from technical and produc
tivity perspectives. In the common market the competitiveness of products and producers is a key factor. One
important factor of competitiveness is labour productivity, which can be divided into partial factors such as
technical equipment (tools) and the resulting productivity from those tools. The study examines the changes of
these two partial productivity factors in Poland and Hungary as well as the countries integrated in 2004. The
research question was whether the Central and Eastern European countries were able to shorten the gap behind
EU-15 countri.es. The results indicate that over the course of a decade labour productivity in Hungarian farms
increased, however, the pace of farm investments lagged far behind the EU-15 countries, resulting in more
efficient capital use. The rate of Polish farm investments in agriculture was higher than that of the EU-15 coun
tries, while the relative disadvantage in labour productivity, as well as in capital productivity did not decreas
Games of farmers – to cooperate or not?
Signs of the crisis of the Hungarian agriculture are in relation with the economic and social model that has
become rigid throughout the past two decades. The evolved structure of agricultural holdings the networks among
the farmers have been restructured as well as have become losen. The degree of trust has decreased. Based on the
principles of the modern economic schools, e.g. the game theory, the study examines how the existing trust level
among farmers affects the farmers’ preferences of choice among the different forms of dependencies, as well as which
factors affect the individual utility functions, focused on the role of subsidies from the social transaction costs. Due
to the information asymmetry between farmers and the lack of confidence, the individual and the social expenditures
are higher than economically justifable. Based on a simulation model the paper examines the payoffs of the farms as
well as the community from the point of view of machinery use and investment strategies
Changes of labour productivity on farms in Central and Eastern Europe countries after European Union accession
The accession of Central-Eastern European countries in 2004 and 2007 has placed the agriculture
of these countries in the context of new economic policy and market competition.
Former
research has led
to the conclusion that the majority of agricultural producers in the countries of the region are at
a
significant
disadvantage in regards to productivity compared to the farmers of the countries integrated into the EU earlier.
The research has examined what – if any – changes have been made during the
elapsed
period and whether
there is any convergence in regard to country groups and different farm size units to the level of farming
productivity in field crop farms of more developed countries. The research was
based
on EU FADN data
which provide
d
data until 2009. Figures of five full fiscal years are enough to reveal some tendencies. The
research has evaluated the characteristics of changes
(
with longitudinal analysis) by utilizing the indices of
partial efficiency. By using the status attainment theory, an attempt was made to find
an
explanatory context
between the components
with
income generating capacity
for
farms and labour productivity. The main
conclusion of the research is that the convergence of countries a
nd
the varying
economic size
of
farms were
different
iated
and productivity substantially affected the added value
of
produc
tion
potential
Keleti Partnerség kereskedelmi célkitűzéseinek 10 éves egyenlege a V4-ek szemszögéből
The Eastern Partnership (EaP) initiative was launched on 7 May 2009, at the Prague summit of EU Member States. The setting up of an initiative that facilitates closer co-operation with the Eastern European region has been an important objective of the V4 countries since they acceded to the European Union (EU). Therefore, after more than 10 years of its creation, it is worth examining the results of the EaP from the V4 perspective. This study provides an overview of the trade policy achievements of the EaP both from an institutional point of view and more importantly by assessing the evolution of trade flows between the V4 countries and EaP partners. On the institutional side, the picture is mixed. While the EU managed to conclude Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTAs) with Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, the cooperation agreements negotiated with Armenia and Azerbaijan are much less ambitious mainly due to geopolitical and political reasons, and no new agreement could be negotiated with Belarus. These mixed results can be attributed in part to the Russian pressure on these countries, but the fact that the EU could not offer them the future perspectives of EU Membership also played an important part. In terms of trade in goods flows, the EaP can be seen as a success for V4 countries. The V4 import from EaP partners more than doubled and exports almost doubled over the last 10 years. Among V4 countries Poland dominates the trade flows with EaP partners but in terms of growth, it is Hungary whose trade grew most dynamically with the EaP region. For V4 countries, Ukraine is the most important trading partner among the EaP countries, while Armenia is the least relevant. Between 2009 and 2018, most of the EaP countries could diversify their exports to the V4 countries and the export composition has shifted towards processed goods and products with higher added value. The exports from V4 countries were already diversified and contained higher added value products, but this trend has intensified further. The main export products of V4 countries to the EaP region include machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods and chemicals. According to the statistics there is evidence that trade grew more dynamically with those EaP partners with whom the EU has concluded DCFTAs and this trend is expected to continue in the future
Changes of foreign direct investment in agribusiness in the Central-Eastern Europe at the early 2000's
The business experts could witness major changes in the targets of international capital flow during the
last two decades. The Central-Eastern European economic and social transition that was started in the early 1990s
has created good conditions for the international investments. The new target of foreign direct investments ñ
besides the Asian regions ñ depended on the changes of political and economic system going on in the countries
concerned. The different pace of changes and the privatization of state properties determined the share of individual
countries from the capital import. The early eminent countries were replaced by new eminent ones, and the capital
inflow replaced brown field investments ñ that dominated at the beginning ñ with green field investments. The paper
examines the worldwide and regional tendencies of foreign direct investments of the 1990Ăs and the 2000Ăs, the share
of individual countries within the region as well as the changes in the sectoral distribution. Relations are searched for
the changes of position of Hungary, as well as among the economic-social processes in the country
A magyar külkereskedelem fejlődésének irányai : a kereskedelem alakulása az EU új-generációs szabadkereskedelmi partnereivel
In the last 30 years, the Hungarian foreign trade has undergone major changes in terms of both product structure and partners. From the 90’s – mainly due to the significant amount of inward Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) – Hungarian trade ties with the European Union have become stronger and – by the country’s accession – the integration process of the Hungarian trade into the EU has been realised in fact. Since the Hungarian accession, the EU Member States are the main destination of the Hungarian foreign trade and the increasing trend is continuing. However, the Hungarian extra-EU export increased to a greater extent than the intra-EU export. In this study we analysed the correlation between the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) of the EU and the remarkable increase of the Hungarian extra-EU export. Four new-generation EU FTAs were analysed: the agreements with Ukraine, Canada, Korea and Japan. The analyses – unlike many other studies -does not only cover trade in goods with these FTA partners but trade in services and FDI flows as well. The result shows that the FTAs had a trade creation effect with Ukraine, Canada and Korea – especially for the Hungarian export. The only exception is Japan, but in that case short time has passed since the FTA became applicable. In case of Ukraine, the Hungarian export has doubled, to Canada it grew by 60% and to Korea grew by 50% in the first 5 years but since then it stagnated. It is important to underline the growing importance of trade in services where Hungary has a massive surplus with each partner and in case of Japan and Korea, this surplus helps to rebalance the substantial deficit of trade in goods. Although the FDI data are less reliable, they explain the reasons for the important merchandise trade deficit vis-a-vis Korea and Japan to some extent. As there is a massive FDI stock in Hungary originating from these countries, the manufacturing plants need input from these countries to be able to produce and export finished products mainly to the European internal market. On the other hand, the massive Hungarian merchandise trade surplus vis-à -vis Canada can be explained by the Canadian firms established in Hungary re-exporting part of their production to Canada
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