Fenugreek derived diosgenin as an emerging source for diabetic therapy

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that endangers the entire body’s tissues and organs. Diabetes impairs glucose and insulin regulation in the human body by causing pancreatic cell damage. Diabetes modifies pathways such as serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) and Protein kinase C (PKC)/- glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) glucose absorption, and inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase, Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1), and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Diabetes may also be caused by a decrease in the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and its target genes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACC), as well as a decrease in the levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Caspase12, and Caspase3 proteins. Diabetes has long been linked to diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, hepatic, ocular, and renal systems. Diosgenin, a steroidal compound derived from fenugreek, aids in the prevention of diabetes by altering cellular pathways in favor of healthy bodily functions. Diosgenin is a new nutraceutical on the market that claims to cure diabetes in particular. This article focuses on diosgenin extraction and purification, fenugreek bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties of diosgenin, mode of action of diosgenin to cure diabetes, and dosages

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bioactives and Its Role in Alleviating Oral Pathologies

Garlic (Allium sativa L.) is a bulbous flowering plant belongs to the family of Amaryllidaceae and is a predominant horticultural crop originating from central Asia. Garlic and its products are chiefly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes in many countries. Bulbs of raw garlic have been investigated for their role in oral health, which are ascribed to a myriad of biologically active compounds such as alliin, allicin, methiin, S-allylcysteine (SAC), diallyl sulfide (DAS), S-ally-mercapto cysteine (SAMC), diallyl disulphide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS) and methyl allyl disulphide. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement. Scopus, PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Science direct databases were searched between 12 April 2021 to 4 September 2021. A total of 148 studies were included and the qualitative synthesis phytochemical profile of GE, biological activities, therapeutic applications of garlic extract (GE) in oral health care system, and its mechanism of action in curing various oral pathologies have been discussed. Furthermore, the safety of incorporation of GE as food supplements is also critically discussed. To conclude, GE could conceivably make a treatment recourse for patients suffering from diverse oral diseases

Salicylic acid: a key signal molecule ameliorating plant stresses

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural potent signaling molecule, synthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine or chorismate, involved in induction of plant defense strategies associated with stress conditions. The significance of salicylic acid (SA) has been increasingly recognized in improved plant abiotic stress-tolerance via SA-mediated control of major plant metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, metabolite accumulation, redox homeostasis and gene regulation. Nonetheless, extensive genomic and proteomic studies are expected to broadly reveal SA-responsive pathways regulating genes and proteins upon stresses. Based on recent observations, the review focuses on metabolism of SA and interaction with major signaling molecules and phytohormones, thus unraveling the mechanism of SA mediated abiotic stress tolerance

Effect of Auxin and Cytokinin on Grafting and Growth of Sapling of Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of auxin and cytokinin on grafting and growth of sapling of guava (Psidium guajava L.) at department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, ummedganj, KOTA, KVK Modal nursery Agriculture university Kota during the year of 2020-21.In the investigation, L-49 cultivar of guava (Psidium guajava L.) was selected as mother plant for obtaining scion bud. The foliar spray of NAA and BA (50 and 25 ppm each) either on rootstock or/and scion branch was applied 10 days prior to grafting. The most responsive treatments was foliar spray on rootstocks with BA at 25 ppm concentration. Rootstocks treated with BA (25 ppm) resulted in length of scion shoot after grafting (16.63 cm), diameter of sprouted scion (2.80 cm), diameter of rootstocks (3.41 cm), number of leaves (20.83), leaf area (24.76 cm2), number of lateral shoot (7.89) as compared to others treatments

Study on genetic variability parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes

Thirty-two soybean genotypes were assessed to estimate genetic variability parameters in RBD design with three replications during 2021. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation across the genotypes for each trait studied which showed high variability in experimental material. The higher magnitude (>20%) of GCV and PCV were exhibited by seed yield per plant (33.71% and 35.60%) followed by biological yield per plant (26.64% and 28.47%), number of pods per plant (24.56% and 25.13%) and number of branches per plant (20.24% and 20.75%), respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance showed by seed yield, biological yield, number of pods, number of branches per plant, harvest index, 100-seed weight and plant height, indicating additive gene action and provides the chance for selection-based development of these traits. In this study, higher yield was reported for AUKS 213 (12.44 g) followed by AUKS 259 (11.14 g), AUKS 263 (10.82 g), AUKS 262 (10.44 g) and AUKS 264 (9.99 g) genotypes as per their mean values

Study on genetic variability parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes

Thirty-two soybean genotypes were assessed to estimate genetic variability parameters in RBD design with three replications during 2021. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation across the genotypes for each trait studied which showed high variability in experimental material. The higher magnitude (>20%) of GCV and PCV were exhibited by seed yield per plant (33.71% and 35.60%) followed by biological yield per plant (26.64% and 28.47%), number of pods per plant (24.56% and 25.13%) and number of branches per plant (20.24% and 20.75%), respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance showed by seed yield, biological yield, number of pods, number of branches per plant, harvest index, 100-seed weight and plant height, indicating additive gene action and provides the chance for selection-based development of these traits. In this study, higher yield was reported for AUKS 213 (12.44 g) followed by AUKS 259 (11.14 g), AUKS 263 (10.82 g), AUKS 262 (10.44 g) and AUKS 264 (9.99 g) genotypes as per their mean values

Crosstalk during the Carbon–Nitrogen Cycle That Interlinks the Biosynthesis, Mobilization and Accumulation of Seed Storage Reserves

Carbohydrates are the major storage reserves in seeds, and they are produced and accumulated in specific tissues during the growth and development of a plant. The storage products are hydrolyzed into a mobile form, and they are then translocated to the developing tissue following seed germination, thereby ensuring new plant formation and seedling vigor. The utilization of seed reserves is an important characteristic of seed quality. This review focuses on the seed storage reserve composition, source–sink relations and partitioning of the major transported carbohydrate form, i.e., sucrose, into different reserves through sucrolytic processes, biosynthetic pathways, interchanging levels during mobilization and crosstalk based on vital biochemical pathways that interlink the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Seed storage reserves are important due to their nutritional value; therefore, novel approaches to augmenting the targeted storage reserve are also discussed

Advanced osmotic dehydration techniques combined with emerging drying methods for sustainable food production: Impact on bioactive components, texture, color, and sensory properties of food

The food industries are looking for potential preservation methods for fruits and vegetables. The combination of osmosis and drying has proved the efficient method to improve the food quality. Osmotic dehydration is a mass transfer process in which water molecules from the food move to an osmo-active solution and the solutes from the solution migrate into the food. Advanced osmotic dehydration techniques such as electric field pulse treatment, ultrasonic and microwave-assisted dehydration, pulsed vacuum, and osmodehydrofreezing can improve the nutritional quality (bioactive) and sensory properties (color, texture, aroma, flavor) of fresh and cut-fruits without changing their reliability. Emerging osmotic dehydration technologies can preserve the structure of fruit tissue by forming microscopic channels and increasing effective water diffusivity. However, it is important to analyze the effect of advanced osmotic dehydration techniques on the quality of food products to understand the industrial scalability of these techniques. The present paper discusses the impact of recent osmotic dehydration techniques on bioactive, antioxidant capacity, color, and sensory profile of food