Preparation and Organization of Golf Tournament

Import 05/08/2014Cílem této bakalářské práce je popsat a objasnit všechny náležitosti přípravy a organizace golfového turnaje. Zaměřil jsem se na pořádání regionálního amatérského golfového turnaje. Zvolenou situaci jsem řešil za pomocí fiktivního příkladu golfového turnaje. V této práci jsem použil výzkumné metody SWOT analýza, SMART analýza, introspekce a výzkumné techniky rozhovor a pozorování. Díky zvolenému příkladu přípravy a organizování golfového turnaje bylo možné, aplikovat obecné zákonitosti a dílčí procesy a hodnoty do reálné situace, která přibližuje všechny detaily pořádání sportovně společenské akce a zároveň reflektuje postavení golfu v České republice. Tato práce by měla sloužit jako návod a zdroj informací pro potenciální organizátory golfových turnajů.The goal of this bachelor thesis is to describe and clarify all the essentials of preparation and organization of a golf tournament. I aimed at running a regional amateur golf tournament. I solved the situation by creating fictive example of a golf tournament. In this thesis I used the exploratory methods SWOT analysis, SMART analysis and introspection and exploratory techniques dialogue and observation. Thanks to the example of preparation and organization of the golf tournament I was able to apply general regularities and particular processes and values to the real situation, which introduces all the details of running a sports-social event and also reflects the condition of golf in the Czech Republic. This bachelor thesis should be instrumental towards the potential organizers of the golf tournament as a guideline and source of information.115 - Katedra managementuvelmi dobř

超音波法を用いた全身および部位別骨格筋量の推定法と妥当性

The present study was performed to develop regression-based prediction equations for skeletal muscle (SM) mass by ultrasound and to investigate the validity of these equations in Japanese adults. Seventy-two Japanese men (n=38) and women (n=34) aged 18-61 years participated in this study and were randomly separated into two groups: the model development group (n=48) and the validation group (n=24). The total and regional SM mass were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1.5 T-scanners with spin-echo sequence. Contiguous transverse images (about 150 slices) with a slice thickness of 1 cm were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints. The volume of SM was calculated from the summation of digitized cross-sectional area. The SM volume was converted into mass units (kg) by an assumed SM density of 1.04 kg l^＜-1＞. The muscle thickness (MTH) was measured by B-mode ultrasound (5 MHz scanning head) at nine sites on the anatomical SM belly. Strong correlations were observed between the site-matched SM mass (total, arm, trunk body, thigh, and lower leg) by MRI measurement and the MTH×height (in m) in the model development group (r=0.83-0.96 in men, r=0.53-0.91 in women, P＜0.05). When the SM mass prediction equations were applied to the validation group, significant correlations were also observed between the MRI-measured and predicted SM mass (P＜0.05). The predicted total SM mass for the validation group was 19.6 (6.5) kg and was not significantly different from the MRI-measured SM mass of 20.2 (6.5) kg. Bland-Altman analysis did not indicate a bias in prediction of the total SM mass for the validation group (r=0.00, NS). These results suggested that ultrasoundderived prediction equations are a valid method to predict SM mass and an alternative to MRI measurement in healthy Japanese adults

競技者の高い安静時エネルギー代謝は器官・組織重量に依存する

It is unknown whether increased resting energy expenditure (REE) in athletes is due to changes in organ-tissue mass and/or metabolic rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the organ-tissue component of fat-free mass (FFM) on absolute and relative REE (the REE/FFM ratio) for heavy-weight athletes. We examined the relationship between the REE measured by indirect calorimetry and the REE calculated from organ-tissue mass. Ten heavy-weight athletes (Sumo wrestlers) and 11 moderately active male students (controls) were recruited to participate in this study. FFM was measured by two-component densitometry. Contiguous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images with a 1cm slice thickness were obtained from the parietal to the ankle joints, and the cross-sectional area and volume were determined for each type of organ-tissue. The volume units were converted into mass by an assumed constant density. The measured-REE was determined by indirect calorimetry. The calculated-REE was estimated as the sum of individual organ-tissue masses multiplied by their metabolic rate constants. The measured-REE for Sumo wrestlers (2286kcal/day) was higher (P<0.01) than for controls (1550kcal/day), but the measured-REE/FFM ratio was similar between the two groups (Sumo wrestlers 29.1kcal/kg/day vs. controls 29.3kcal/kg/day). Sumo wrestlers had a greater amount of FFM and FFM components (e.g., skeletal muscle (SM), liver and kidney) except for brain, while the proportion of organ-tissue mass to FFM was not different between the two groups except for liver. The absolute and relative measured-REE values for Sumo wrestlers were not significantly different from the respective calculated-REE values. The REE for heavy-weight athletes can be attributed not to an elevation of the organ-tissue metabolic rate, but to a larger absolute amount of low and high metabolically active tissue including SM, liver and kidney

COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED MAXIMUM AEROBIC CAPACITY AND BODY COMPOSITION OF SUMO WRESTLERS TO ATHLETES IN COMBAT AND OTHER SPORTS

Sumo wrestling is unique in combat sport, and in all of sport. We examined the maximum aerobic capacity and body composition of sumo wrestlers and compared them to untrained controls. We also compared "aerobic muscle quality", meaning VO2max normalized to predicted skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (VO2max /SMM), between sumo wrestlers and controls and among previously published data for male athletes from combat, aerobic, and power sports. Sumo wrestlers, compared to untrained controls, had greater (p < 0.05) body mass (mean ± SD; 117.0 ± 4.9 vs. 56.1 ± 9.8 kg), percent fat (24.0 ± 1.4 vs. 13.3 ± 4.5), fat-free mass (88.9 ± 4.2 vs. 48.4 �� 6.8 kg), predicted SMM (48.2 ± 2.9 vs. 20.6 ± 4.7 kg) and absolute VO2max (3.6 ± 1.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 L·min-1). Mean VO2max /SMM (ml·kg SMM-1·min-1) was significantly different (p < 0.05) among aerobic athletes (164.8 ± 18.3), combat athletes (which was not different from untrained controls; 131.4 ± 9.3 and 128.6 ± 13.6, respectively), power athletes (96.5 ± 5.3), and sumo wrestlers (71.4 ± 5.3). There was a strong negative correlation (r = - 0.75) between percent body fat and VO2max /SMM (p < 0.05). We conclude that sumo wrestlers have some of the largest percent body fat and fat-free mass and the lowest "aerobic muscle quality" (VO2max /SMM), both in combat sport and compared to aerobic and power sport athletes. Additionally, it appears from analysis of the relationship between SMM and absolute VO2max for all sports that there is a "ceiling" at which increases in SMM do not result in additional increases in absolute VO2ma

The Relationship between Changes in Organ-Tissue Mass and Sleeping Energy Expenditure Following Weight Change in College Sumo Wrestlers

Background and objectives: It has been well established that the resting energy expenditure (REE) for the whole body is the sum of the REE for each organ-tissue in young and middle-aged healthy adults. Based on these previous studies, although it is speculated that sleeping energy expenditure (SEE, which has small inter-individual variability) changes with a commensurate gain or reduction in the resting metabolic rate of each organ-tissue, it is unclear whether a change in organ-tissue masses is directly attributed to the fluctuation of SEE at present. This study aimed to assess the relationship between changes in organ-tissue mass and sleeping energy expenditure (SEE) following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers. This included blood analysis, which is related to energy expenditure. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 healthy male college Sumo wrestlers were recruited in this study. All measurements were obtained before and after weight change. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements were used to determine the volume of the skeletal muscle (SM), liver, and kidneys, and an indirect human calorimeter was used to determine SEE before and after weight change. Results: The change in body mass and SEE ranged between &minus;8.7~9.5 kg, and &minus;602~388 kcal/day. Moreover, changes in SM, liver, and kidneys ranged between &minus;3.3~3.6 kg, &minus;0.90~0.77 kg, and &minus;0.12~0.07 kg. The change in SEE was not significantly correlated with the change in SM or liver mass, nor with blood analyses; however, a significant relationship between the change in kidney mass and SEE was observed. Conclusions: Based on our results, there is a possibility that the mass of the kidneys has an effect on the change in SEE following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers

Is There a Chronic Elevation in Organ-Tissue Sleeping Metabolic Rate in Very Fit Runners?

It is unclear whether the resting metabolic rate of individual organ-tissue in adults with high aerobic fitness is higher than that in untrained adults; in fact, this topic has been debated for years using a two-component model. To address this issue, in the present study, we examined the relationship between the measured sleeping energy expenditure (EE) by using an indirect human calorimeter (IHC) and the calculated resting EE (REE) from organ-tissue mass using magnetic resonance imaging, along with the assumed metabolic rate constants in healthy adults. Seventeen healthy male long-distance runners were recruited and grouped according to the median $\dot{\text{V}}$O2peak: very fit group (&gt;60 mL/min/kg; n = 8) and fit group (&lt;60 mL/min/kg; n = 9). Participants performed a graded exercise test for determining $\dot{\text{V}}$O2peak; X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine organ-tissue mass, and IHC was used to determine sleeping EE. The calculated REE was estimated as the sum of individual organ-tissue masses multiplied by their metabolic rate constants. No significant difference was observed in the measured sleeping EE, calculated REE, and their difference, as well as in the slopes and intercepts of the two regression lines between the groups. Moreover, no significant correlation between $\dot{\text{V}}$O2peak and the difference in measured sleeping EE and calculated REE was observed for all subjects. Thus, aerobic endurance training does not result in a chronic elevation in the organ-tissue metabolic rate in cases with $\dot{\text{V}}$O2peak of approximately 60 mL/min/kg

Physical characteristics of subjects.

<p>Physical characteristics of subjects.</p