Interpretation of the aeromagnetic anomalies of mainland Scotland using pseudogravimetric transformation and other methods

A procedure to upward continue magnetic anomalies observed on an irregular surface onto a horizontal plane has been developed and applied to the aeromagnetic map of Great Britain. Pseudogravimetric transformation was then carried out on this reduced anomaly and both data sets have been used for analysis and interpretation of several prominent anomalies in Scotland along the Great Glen fault and over the Midland Valley. A prominent linear positive magnetic anomaly occurring along the Great Glen fault has been modelled as due to a locally magnetized outward dipping body almost symmetrical about its apex beneath the fault line, together with a magnetized crustal slab to the northwest of the fault. The outward dipping body has its top lying within the upper crust, a magnetization of greater than about 1.0 A/m, a half-width of about 40 km at its base and a thickness of the order of 7-18 km. The origin of the outward dipping magnetized body may possibly be explained by metamorphism produced by frictional heating resulting from the transcurrent fault movement. Alternatively the metamorphism may be associated with some other fault related process such as crustal fluid flow. Thermal modelling has been used to demonstrate this. The magnetization contrast across the fault may be the direct result of blocks of differing magnetization on opposite side, juxtaposed as a result of transcurrent movement. The modelling along a profile over the Clyde Plateau (Midland Valley of Scotland) using a well-constrained lava body reveals the presence of a long wavelength anomaly component due to a deeper crustal source. The basement anomaly is conspicuous on the pseudogravimetric map but not on the aeromagnetic map. A near circular magnetic anomaly near Bathgate in the Midland Valley can be explained by an unexposed intrusive body superimposed on the deep crustal source as above

lPv6 Transition: Why A New Security Mechanisms Model Is Necessary.

This paper describes the scenario in the transition oflpv4 to lpv6 with focusing on the security issues involved in each of the transition methods: dual stack and tunneling. Then, the paper analyze the existing security mechanisms available and identify new considerations for a new security model

Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Arial Photographs Techniques in Geo Hazard Assessment of Karst Features in Constructing Sites in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

This paper illustrates the application of geophysical survey, aerial photographs and satellite images as identification techniques for geohazard assessment of karst features in housing complexes construction sites north of Ipoh city, Perak state, Peninsular Malaysia. The engineers in Perak  face numerous problems while designing structures that would be situated over marbleized limestone (carbonate) karst terrains, due to its categorization to various bedrock solution features such as sinkholes, caves, cavities, depressions, conduits enlarged joints and fractures, and internal drainages, which directly exerts a negative impact on the use of this land for construction projects and structures. Furthermore, it can also indirectly have the potential to cause catastrophic damages in the near future perhaps many years after the project has ended.  The subsidence damages which result in construction works will cause massive losses which maximize the project overall cost leading to enormous financial costs, to the developers and the lands. In this study, Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was performed across three housing complex construction sites north of Ipoh in order to image the subsurface and locate evidence for near surface karstic features such as voids or cavities, including sinkholes and to estimate the depth of the bedrock. It is also done in order to estimate whether geophysical techniques are capable of identifying such features.  Six resistivity traverses or profiles were conducted along the survey area at each of the three construction sites. The orientation, extension and the degree of inclination of those profiles are shown in Google’s satellite map. The interpretation of the geophysical data indicated that both low resistivity and high conductivity anomalies extends along the proposed area in all of the construction sites. The ambiguous anomalies observed in construction site # 1 indicated that the area has been exaggerated by a sinkhole, thus it contains non-stiff clay and is saturated with water, rendering it less resistant to electrical currents (high conductivity). The ambiguous anomalies observed in construction site #2 indicated that the area has been affected by several sinkholes and tubular anomalies containing both stiff and sandy clay. The anomaly observed in construction site #3 indicated that the area has been affected by several soil cover collapse sinkholes and tubular anomalies containing stiff, non-stiff and sandy clays. This study also demonstrated that high-resolution Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) can be effectively applied to reflect and differentiate surficial soil, clay, weathered rocks, compact or intact rocks, and air-filled karstic voids or cavities. The appearance of many sinkholes in the area is mostly attributed to karstic activity. In accordance to the classification of the characteristics of morphological features of karstic ground conditions by (A. C. Waltham and P. G. Fookes, 2005), the karst in construction site site#1 found between profile 1 and profile 6 is an older or complex karst type KIV, while the karst in construction site#2 found between profile 1 and profile 3 is a youthful karst type KII. Afterwards, the karst type changed over profile#5 to profile #6 to mature into karst type KIII. The karst in construction site#3, found between profile 1 and profile 3, is a youthful karst type KII. Then, the karsts change in profile 4 to an older, mature karst type KIII. The karsts found between profile #5 and profile#6 is of the older or complex karst type KIV. Early planning is needed to mitigate or minimize the risk of structures in these construction sites over karstified carbonate bedrock. Initial consolidation of geo grids, driven piles to rock head pinnacles, and control drainage works must be put into operation in these respective sites. Keywords: Application, ERT and arial photographs Techniques, Geo hazard Assessment, Constructing sites, Perak- Peninsular Malaysia

Internal communication pattern in TQM manufacturing organizations in Malaysia

Organizations need to perform; productivity need to be improved and organizations’ activities need to be effective. Therefore, the need for quality improvements are crucial in both manufacturing and service sectors. The main purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of internal communication patterns in TQM implementation in Malaysia manufacturing organizations. This study was done using qualitative in-depth interview method. This is because open ended questions in interviews enable informants to describe their own answers. This qualitative methodological approach refers to the “systematic process analysis”. The study had been carried out in five manufacturing organizations originating from three different continents; two Malaysian local organizations, two eastern and one western organization, and all of them located in Malaysia. In selecting the informants, the study adopts a judgment type of purposive sampling techniques. Results show that the most preferable and reliable medium of communication between superiors and subordinates is still face-to-face meetings although we are in the era of IR4.0. While telephones are popular among the administration staffs. The most preferable forms of communication is the formal internal-operational communication without denying that informal internal-operational communication is also important

Leaders communication practices in TQM implementation

There are ample established evidences on leadership as a critical success factors of TQM implementation and as mentioned by many authors is leadership, communication is proven to be the key skill for leaders. With the right communication skills being practiced by leaders, the team members or subordinates will be motivated to support and achieve the organization’s target. In addition, their commitment and cooperation will enhance the quality and productivity of the organization. Based on the findings from in-depth interviews conducted with 14 managers in various position, whom are from five manufacturing organizations in Malaysia, two of which are local organizations, two eastern and one representing western organization. The study concluded that, there is one main practice of communication applied by all organization, which is regulative function of communication practices. The second most practices is management function and followed by integrative-task oriented function. And, in most of these organizations, the functions are blend together with persuasive function. In conclusion, the communication practiced by leaders pertaining TQM implementation in manufacturing organizations who address the reasons of implementation, explanation of procedures with a blend of leadership persuasive skills will enhance the success of TQM implementation

Summative EEG-based Assessment of the Relations between Learning Styles and Personality Traits of Openness

AbstractLearning styles (LS), being one of the important attributes of a learner's profile, are relevant to different aspects of teaching and learning such as the learner's achievement and motivation. Equally important is the personality traits of ‘Openness’, which relate positively to knowledge and skill acquisition, thus making them relevant to learning and learners differences. Recognizing the importance of LS and Openness in profiling learners, the researchers carried out this study to examine the relationship between these two factors using a novel method based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) technology. In this research, Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (KLSI) was used to determine 131 participants’ LS: Diverger, Assimilator, Converger or Accommodator. The EEG technology was used to record the participants’ brain signals (with their eyes closed) to generate the dataset of EEG Beta band of baseline condition. Later, the dataset was processed and classified based on the LS using the 2-Step Cluster Analysis. The result showed that the brain signals could be processed effectively to classify the participants’ LS. More importantly, among the LS studied, convergers and assimilators were observed to have positive and strong relation with Openness. Between the two learning styles, assimilators were found to have stronger relation with Openness than convergers

Time-lapse resistivity investigation of salinity changes at an ex-promontory land: a case study of Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia

Time-lapse resistivity measurements and groundwater geochemistry were used to study salinity effect on groundwater aquifer at the ex-promontory-land of Carey Island in Malaysia. Resistivity was measured by ABEM Terrameter SAS4000 and ES10-64 electrode selector. Re�lationship between earth resistivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) was derived, and with re�sistivity images, used to identify water types: fresh (ρe > 6.5 � m), brackish (3 � m < ρe < 6.5 � m), or saline (ρe < 3 � m). Long-term monitoring of the studied area’s groundwater quality via measurements of its time-lapse resistivity showed salinity changes in the island’s groundwater aquifers not conforming to seawater-freshwater hydraulic gradient. In some aquifers far from the coast, saline water was dominant, while in some others, freshwater 30 m thick showed ground�water potential. Land transformation is believed to have changed the island’s hydrogeology, which receives saltwater pressure all the time, limiting freshwater recharge to the groundwater system. The time-lapse resistivity measurements showed active salinity changes at resistivity-image bottom moving up the image for two seasons’ (wet and dry) conditions. The salinity changes are believed to have been caused by incremental tide passing through highly porous material in the active-salinity-change area. The study’s results were used to plan a strategy for sustainable groundwater exploration of the island

Preparation of porous Si (100) for overgrown cubic layer: morphological investigation

A number of n-type Si (100) samples were prepared into porous structures via electrochemical etching process, using an electrolyte solution; HF and ethanol. The morphological properties of the samples were observed under scanning electron microscope measurement. The results showed that the pore density, pore uniformity distribution and pore size of the porous Si samples increased with time of etching. In the next stage, H2O2 was introduced into the electrolyte solution in order to investigate its effect on the morphological properties of the porous Si. From the experiment, we found that H2O2 gave finer porous structure with highly symmetrical cubic shape on the surface. Besides, H2O2 promoted smoother surface of the pore walls. Hence, the results showed that such porous Si structure could be used as a better substrate for the subsequent layer, in particular for the growth of cubic material

Integrated geoelectrical resistivity and hydrogeochemical methods for delineating and mapping heavy metal zone in aquifer system

A novel study on using geoelectrical resistivity, soil property, and hydrogeochemical analysis methods for delineating and mapping of heavy metal in aquifer system is presented in this paper. A total of 47 surveys of geoelectrical resistivity with Wenner configuration were conducted to determine the subsurface and the groundwater characteristics. The groundwater sample from 53 existing wells and 2 new wells has been analyzed to derive their water chemical content. The chemical analysis was done on the soil sample obtained from new two wells and from selected locations. The water and soil chemical analysis results from the new two wells were used as calibration in resistivity interpretation. The occurrence of heavy metal in aquifer system was expected to detect using the geoelectrical resistivity survey for the whole study area. The result of groundwater analysis shows that the groundwater sample contains a relatively low concentration of Fe (< 0.3 mg/L) elongating from the south up to the middle region. While in the middle and the northwestern, Fe concentration is relatively high (around 12 mg/L). Chemical analysis of soil sample shows that in the lower resistivity zone (< 18 Ωm), Al and Fe concentrations are comparatively high with an average of 68,000 and 40,000 mg/kg, respectively. Starting from the middle to the northwestern zone, the resistivity value appears to be low. It is definitely caused by higher Al and Fe concentration within the soil, and it is supported also by lower total anion content in the groundwater. While the resistivity value of more than 40 Ωm in aquifers is obtained in the zone which Fe concentration is relatively lower in the soil but not present in the groundwater. Correlation Fe concentration in the soil and Fe concentration in the groundwater sample shows the trend of positively linear; however, the Al concentration in soil has no correlation with Al content in groundwater. Finally, the probability of high heavy metal zone in the aquifer system is easily delineated by the distribution of geoelectrical resistivity presented in depth slice shapes which extend from the Boundary Range Composite Batholith in the north to the northwest

Slope monitoring: an application of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging method in Bukit Antarabangsa, Kuala Lumpur

Slope monitoring study using 2-D electrical resistivity imaging method was conducted on a slope where a massive landslide occurred in December 2008 in Bukit Antarabangsa, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The main objective of the study is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution of the study area and to map the risk/potential zone of landslide in the future. To detect the changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution due to variation in water saturation in the subsurface, time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging method was applied in this study. Repeated measurements of electrical resistivity over chosen lines at different times were done to monitor the changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution. The results obtained from the time-lapse electrical resistivity shows that there are significant changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution during different periods. Locations of possible slope failure are identified along the slope and are divided into Zone 1 and Zone 2. Weak zones are characterized by the large proportion of high water saturation zones and low resistivity values which are highly affected by the supply of water into the subsurface as well as the properties of the subsurface materials. These particular regions are more susceptible towards slope failure as high water content will ease the movement of soil in the subsurface. Thus, proper mitigation must be done at the problematic zones to prevent the occurrence of slope failure in the future