Preparação e caracterização de materiais Absorventes a base de glicerina e caulim de Caraí - Minas Gerais - Brasil

A produção de materiais absorvedores de água é um grande desafio para diversas aplicações nos setores agrícola, industrial, de energia, entre outros. No presente trabalho, foram preparados materiais a partir da reação de glicerina, caulim e ácido succínico, tendo ácido sulfúrico como catalisador. Foram utilizadas três razões molares para a mistura caulim:ácido succínico, 1:0, 1:1 e 0:1. Foram preparados materiais também em uma reação com o auxílio do Dean-stark, onde foram preparadas três amostras. Foram produzidos filmes de amido para facilitar a aplicação dos materiais obtidos. O FTIR confirmou a polimerização do ácido succínico com a glicerina, e a ancoragem do mesmo ao caulim. O que também pode ser evidenciado através do DRX. Os testes de absorção mostram que o material produzido pode ser utilizado como material absorvente, absorvendo cerca de 50 g de água por g de amostra.Palavras-chave: Glicerina; Caulim; Ácido Succínico; Material Absorvente

Optimal energihantering för parallellhybridfordon via dynamisk programmering

In this thesis, two optimal control problems for the control of hybrid electric vehicles are formulated. The first is general formulation where both velocity and state of charge can vary. The second is a formulation where the velocity is prespecified and therefore only the state of charge can vary. The first formulation takes significantly more time to solve with dynamic programming than the second formulation. For the most hilly drive cycle that was evaluated, 4:45 % fuel savings were obtained by using the general formulation over the formulation with prespecified velocity. For the least hilly cycle, this number dropped to 1:75%. When the lowest admissible velocity was lowered from 75 to 70 km/h, fuel savings of 0:52 % were obtained. From 80 to 70 km/h, the number increased to 1:92 %. In conclusion, if dynamic programming is to be implemented in real time on a hybrid electric vehicle the fuel savings for hilly roads where a low minimal velocity is allowed are potentially much greater than when using prespecifued velocity. However, for less hilly roads and where the velocity is not allowed to vary as much, it might be more beneficial in terms of fuel consumption to use the formulation with prespecified velocity and include abilities such as gear shifting or switching the engine on or off.I denna avhandling formuleras två optimala styrningsproblem för reglering av hybridelektriska fordon. I den första, mer generella, formuleringen kan både hastighet och batteriladdning variera. I den andra formuleringen är hastigheten specifierad i förväg and därmed kan endast batteriladdningen variera fritt. Den första formuleringen tar betydligt längre tid att lösa med dynamisk programmering än den andra formuleringen. Av dem utvärderade körcyklerna gav den som var mest kuperade bränslebesparingar på 4:45 % om den löstes med den generella formuleringen istället för den där hastigheten är specifierad i förväg. När den lägsta tillåtna hastigheten sänktes från 75 till 70 km/h sparades 0:52 % bränsle. Däremot, om den lägsta tillåtna hastigheten sänktes från 80 till 70 km/h ökade besparingen till 1:92 %. Sammanfattningsvis, om dynamisk programmering ska implementras i realtid på ett hybridelektriskt fordon så är dem potentiella bränslebesparingarna betydligt högre om vägen är väldigt kuperad och en låg lägsta hastighet tillåts för den generella formuleringen än om formuleringen med hastighet specifierad på förhand väljs. Därmed, för vägar som inte är lika kuperade och där hastigheten inte tillåts att variera mycket kan, potentiellt, högre bränslebesparingar uppnås om formuleringen med förspecifierad hastighet väljs och förmågan att växla alternativt stänga av eller på motorn inkluderas

Tandvårdsrädsla hos vuxna : Orsaker och konsekvenser

Introduktion: Uppskattningsvis lider 4-20% av världens vuxna befolkning av tandvårdsrädsla. Rädsla är individens normala emotionella reaktion inför hot eller fara. Rädslan uppväcker en fysiologisk spänning i kroppen som skapar ett kamp- och flyktbeteende hos individen vilket kallas akut stress. Det finns olika metoder för att förebygga och behandla tandvårdsrädsla. Syfte: Att beskriva bakomliggande orsaker till varför tandvårdsrädsla uppstår hos vuxna samt att undersöka om tandvårdsrädsla kan få konsekvenser för den orala hälsan och i så fall vilka konsekvenserna är. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Orsaker: Det har konstaterats att patienter som har upplevt en obehaglig tandvårdssituation uppvisar högre grad av tandvårdsrädsla. Tandvårdsrädsla är multifaktoriell men rädsla för smärta har visat sig vara en central orsak till att tandvårdsrädsla uppstår hos individer. Konsekvenser: Patienter som lider av tandvårdsrädsla besöker tandvården mindre regelbundet och har mindre goda ,vilket påverkar den orala hälsan

Termodynamisk modell för kraftgenerande gasturbiner

Gasturbiner används i en mängd olika sammanhang, från kraftgenerering till flygplansmotorer. Prestandan hos gasturbiner beror på omgivningstillstånd såsom temperatur och tryck. Gasturbintillverkare förser ofta vissa parametrar, exempelvis uteffekt och massflöde i avgaserna vid väldefinierade standard tillstånd, ofta refererade till som ISO-tillstånd. På grund av det tidigare beskrivna beroendet är det nödvändigt för köpare att kunna förutspå prestandan vid platsen där gasturbinen ska användas.  I denna studie har en termodynamisk modell för kraftgenerande gasturbiner konstruerats. Modellen förutspår uteffekten vid full belastning för varierande omgivningstemperatur och omgivningstryck. Den konstruerade modellen har jämförts med prestandadata från Siemens egna modeller, vid varieande temperatur. Prestandadata för varierande tryck kunde inte erhållas.   Den konstruerade modellen är konsekvent med Siemens modeller inom vissa temperaturintervall vars längd beror på den utvärderade gasturbinens storlek. För mindre gasturbiner är temperaturintervallet för vilken den konstruerade modellen är konsekvent längre än för större gasturbiner.Gas turbines are used for a variety of purposes ranging from power generation to aircraft engines. Their performance is dependent on ambient conditions such as temperature and pressure. Gas turbine manufacturers often provide certain parameters like power output and exhaust mass flow at well-defined standard conditions, usually referred to as ISO-conditions. Due to the aforementioned dependency, it is necessary for buyers to be able to predict gas turbine performance at their chosen site of operation. In this study, a thermodynamic model for power generating gas turbines has been constructed. It predicts the power output at full load for varying ambient temperature and pressure. The constructed model has been compared with performance data taken from Siemens own models for varying temperatures. No performance data for varying pressures could be obtained. The constructed model is consistent with the Siemens models within certain temperature intervals, which differ depending on the size of the gas turbine. For smaller gas turbines, the interval where the constructed model is consistent is greater than for larger gas turbines.

Termodynamisk modell för kraftgenerande gasturbiner

Gasturbiner används i en mängd olika sammanhang, från kraftgenerering till flygplansmotorer. Prestandan hos gasturbiner beror på omgivningstillstånd såsom temperatur och tryck. Gasturbintillverkare förser ofta vissa parametrar, exempelvis uteffekt och massflöde i avgaserna vid väldefinierade standard tillstånd, ofta refererade till som ISO-tillstånd. På grund av det tidigare beskrivna beroendet är det nödvändigt för köpare att kunna förutspå prestandan vid platsen där gasturbinen ska användas.  I denna studie har en termodynamisk modell för kraftgenerande gasturbiner konstruerats. Modellen förutspår uteffekten vid full belastning för varierande omgivningstemperatur och omgivningstryck. Den konstruerade modellen har jämförts med prestandadata från Siemens egna modeller, vid varieande temperatur. Prestandadata för varierande tryck kunde inte erhållas.   Den konstruerade modellen är konsekvent med Siemens modeller inom vissa temperaturintervall vars längd beror på den utvärderade gasturbinens storlek. För mindre gasturbiner är temperaturintervallet för vilken den konstruerade modellen är konsekvent längre än för större gasturbiner.Gas turbines are used for a variety of purposes ranging from power generation to aircraft engines. Their performance is dependent on ambient conditions such as temperature and pressure. Gas turbine manufacturers often provide certain parameters like power output and exhaust mass flow at well-defined standard conditions, usually referred to as ISO-conditions. Due to the aforementioned dependency, it is necessary for buyers to be able to predict gas turbine performance at their chosen site of operation. In this study, a thermodynamic model for power generating gas turbines has been constructed. It predicts the power output at full load for varying ambient temperature and pressure. The constructed model has been compared with performance data taken from Siemens own models for varying temperatures. No performance data for varying pressures could be obtained. The constructed model is consistent with the Siemens models within certain temperature intervals, which differ depending on the size of the gas turbine. For smaller gas turbines, the interval where the constructed model is consistent is greater than for larger gas turbines.

The conditions of the technology subject in the younger ages : From the technology teacher´s perspective

The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about how technology teachers in grades 1-3 perceive their own teaching in the subject technology linked to conditions such as education, time frame, teaching materials, materials and equipment. The study was conducted with the help of qualitative interviews in which eight active and educated technology teachers in grades 1-3 participated. The interviews examined the teachers' individual views on the technology subjectaround the deficits that the Swedish Schools Inspectorate report from 2014 highlights. Furthermore, it was investigated how the teachers' attitudes are affected by the mentioned conditions and whether there were more factors that they considered influenced their teaching in the subject of technology. The analysis of the interviews was inspired by a phenomenography inspired model where the teachers' statements were analyzed and linked to previous research. The results of the survey show that the teacher's competence in the subject of technology is not decisive for whether the teacher feels safe and competent in teaching. The security and competence are rather clarified in how much education the teacher has in technology. It emerged that the conditions of the technology subject are affected by the economy, parts such as materials, equipment and further education are given lower priority financially by both teachers and school management. Conclusions drawn in this study are that technology teaching and teachers' attitudes are largely influenced by how the subject is prioritized by the schoolmanagement. If the subject is not prioritized more by teachers and school leaders, the subject will not be more visible than it already is.

The conditions of the technology subject in the younger ages : From the technology teacher´s perspective

The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about how technology teachers in grades 1-3 perceive their own teaching in the subject technology linked to conditions such as education, time frame, teaching materials, materials and equipment. The study was conducted with the help of qualitative interviews in which eight active and educated technology teachers in grades 1-3 participated. The interviews examined the teachers' individual views on the technology subjectaround the deficits that the Swedish Schools Inspectorate report from 2014 highlights. Furthermore, it was investigated how the teachers' attitudes are affected by the mentioned conditions and whether there were more factors that they considered influenced their teaching in the subject of technology. The analysis of the interviews was inspired by a phenomenography inspired model where the teachers' statements were analyzed and linked to previous research. The results of the survey show that the teacher's competence in the subject of technology is not decisive for whether the teacher feels safe and competent in teaching. The security and competence are rather clarified in how much education the teacher has in technology. It emerged that the conditions of the technology subject are affected by the economy, parts such as materials, equipment and further education are given lower priority financially by both teachers and school management. Conclusions drawn in this study are that technology teaching and teachers' attitudes are largely influenced by how the subject is prioritized by the schoolmanagement. If the subject is not prioritized more by teachers and school leaders, the subject will not be more visible than it already is.

Segmentation Labels for Emergency Response Imagery from Hurricane Barry, Delta, Dorian, Florence, Isaias, Laura, Michael, Sally, Zeta, and Tropical Storm Gordon

The zip file here contains 1,179 pairs of human-generated segmentation labels and images from Emergency Response Imagery collected by US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) after Hurricane Barry, Delta, Dorian, Florence, Ida, Laura, Michael, Sally, Zeta, and Tropical Storm Gordon. A total of 1,054 unique images were labeled. 946 images were annotated by a single labeler. 95 images were annotated by two labelers. 11 images were annotated by three labelers. 2 images were annotated by five labelers. All authors contributed to labeling, and all labeling was done with an open-source labeling tool (Buscombe et al., 2022). All pixels in each image are labeled with one of four classes: 0 (water), 1 (bare sand), 2 (vegetation - both sparse and dense), 4 (the built environment - buildings, roads, parking lots, boats, etc.) The csv file provided here is a list of each image file name (which includes the anonymized labeler ID), the name of the image without the labeler ID, the name of the corresponding NOAA jpg, the NOAA flight name, the storm name, the latitude and longitude of the image, and a column stating if the image has been labeled multiple times. Images labeled here correspond to multiple NOAA flights &mdash; all listed in the csv file for each jpeg image. These jpeg images can be downloaded directly from NOAA (https://storms.ngs.noaa.gov/) or using Moretz et al. (2020a, 2020b). The images included in this data release correspond to original NOAA images that have been resized and then split into quadrants (using ImageMagick). The naming convention corresponds to the image quarter &mdash; the *-0.jpg is upper left, *-1.jpg is upper right, *-2.jpg is lower left, and *-3.jpg is the lower right.</span