Microbial Assay of Colistin Sulfate Method Validation

كوليستين سلفيت هو ملح كبريتات مادة مضادة للبكتيريا ينتج عن نمو Bacillus polymyxa var . تم تطوير اختبار agar diffusion bioassay بديل لتقييم فاعلية هذا الدواء في المكون الصيدلاني النشط والتحقق الكامل من صحة الاختبار الحيوي bioassay لانتشار أجار 3 × 3 باستخدام طريقة cylinder-plate method لتحديد كمية الكولستين سلفيت في العينات الصيدلانية. تم استخدام عترة Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 ككائن دقيق للاختبار ، وأظهرت نتائج الاختبار الحيوي المقترح خطية عالية ودقة وخصوصية قوية. تم تحليل جميع نتائج الفاعلية إحصائيًا باستخدام تحليل التباين ANOVA ووجد أنها خطية r = 0.9999 في نطاق 50-800 وحدة دولية / ملجرام ودقيقة 100.5٪ , الانحراف المعياري النسبي RSD =1.4% والدقة المتوسطة بين الايام RSD = 2.4 %وبين المحللين RSD = 2.5% و تم تحديد خصوصية الاختبار الحيوي من خلال تقييم عينة الدواء placebo. أثبتت النتائج صحة الفحص الميكروبيولوجي المقترح ، والذي يسمح بتقدير كمية موثوقة الكوليستين سلفيت في العينات الصيدلانية. علاوة على ذلك ، فهي طريقة بديلة مفيدة وبسيطة ومنخفضة التكلفة لمراقبة جودة هذا المستحضر الصيدلاني

THE POTENT AND SELECTIVE HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST E169 ALLEVIATES COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND MITIGATES DISTURBED PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β SIGNALING PATHWAY IN MK801-INDUCED AMNESIA IN MICE

The role of Histamine H3 Receptors (H3Rs) in memory and the prospective of H3R antagonists in pharmacological control of neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is well-accepted. Therefore, the procognitive effects of acute systemic administration of H3R antagonist E169 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) on MK801- induced amnesia using the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) paradigm in C57BL/6J mice were evaluated. E169 (5 mg) provided a significant memory-improving effect on MK801-induced short- and long-term memory impairments in NORT. The E169 (5 mg) provided effects were comparable to those observed with the Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and were abrogated with the H3R Agonist (R)-α-Methyl Histamine (RAMH). Also, results demonstrated that E169 ameliorated MK801-induced memory deficits by antagonism of H3Rs and by modulation of the disturbing levels of PI3K, Akt and GSK-3β expressed proteins, signifying that E169 mitigated the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in the hippocampus of tested mice. Moreover, the results observed revealed that E169 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter anxiety levels and locomotor activity of animals in open field test demonstrating that performances improved following acute systemic administration with E169 in NORT are unrelated to changes in emotional responding or in spontaneous locomotor activity. In summary, these obtained results suggest the potential of H3R antagonists in simultaneously modulating disturbed brain neurotransmitters and imbalanced Akt-mTOR signaling pathway related to neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., AD

Characteristic of Dar Blend Crude Oil Relevant to Pipeline Transport and Storage

The study was conducted in Malute Basin, Block 3and 7 located in the South of Sudan. Samples of crude oils originated from 8 Oil Gathering Manifolds (OGM) of Palouge Field in, Malute Basin. Tests done for 0API (American Petroleum Institute Degree) was in the range of 13.70 up to 24.42، and tests for total acid number varying in the range TAN of1.11 up to8.23 mg KOH/g , and Density in the range of 0.9007 up to 0.9723.Viscosity was 124 in South West where in North Ogm was 8000 (cPoise). Pour Point was in the range 300C 420C. Then samples was collected from other three Fields (Adar Field, Gummry Field, and Moleeta Field).These Fields with Palouge Field were composed DAR Blend .The results of the study represents that crude oils from different locations in Palouge Field varied accordingly even the 8 OGMs has same source of Melute. Palouge crude oil according to API0 its quality is moderates that’s due to formations and depth of well from where oil was produced. Then the increased of viscosity and pour point leads to face troubles in transporting through pipeline within the seasons where temperatures decreased, and increasing in TAN leads corrosives of transport and storage equipments

Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, and Associated Sociodemographic Characteristics of Molar Hypomineralization in Indiana, USA

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Molar Hypomineralization (MH) of the first permanent molars (FPMs) and the second primary molars (SPMs) is a common developmental defect of enamel, with global prevalence of 14% and 5% respectively. Children with MH represent a special pediatric population because their affected molars have extreme susceptibility to enamel breakdown, decay and tooth sensitivity. Although the problem of MH has been described almost twenty years ago mainly through reports from Europe, there is very little information about the problem from the USA. In this dissertation, MH was explored both from the perspectives of pediatric dentists’ (PDs) and at population level. The majority of the survey respondents perceived MH prevalence to be <10% in their clinical practice (62%). The most cited clinical challenge in managing MH teeth was “long-term success of restorations” (79%). When analyzed individually, responses differed significantly for different demographics and educational characteristics of the respondents (p<0.05). At population level, MH of the FPMs (Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) cohort: 337 schoolchildren, average age 9 years) and of the SPMs (Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) cohort: 423 schoolchildren, average age 7 years) had prevalence estimates of 13% and 6% respectively. In the MIH cohort, water fluoridation or non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity was significantly associated with higher collective prevalence of enamel defect (EDs) (P<0.05), but not with the prevalence of MH of the FPMs. In the HSPM cohort, race/ethnicity was significantly associated with higher overall prevalence of EDs of SPMs, but not with the HSPM prevalence. Older age group (>10 years), living in central Indiana, and water fluoridation were significantly associated with higher overall prevalence of EDs (P<0.01), but not with the HSPM prevalence. Caries experience was significantly higher in children with MH of FPMs and/or SPMs than in the group without MH. We concluded that USA pediatric dentists’ respondents were well aware of the MH problem, but demonstrated discrepancies in different aspects of the MH problem. At population level, MIH and HSPM were common presentation with prevalence estimates similar to the global figures. Certain demographic characteristics were significantly associated with the overall prevalence of the enamel defects of the examined teeth

Role of Research in Manufacturing and Processing Asadded Value to the Economy

The aim of this paper is to cast some shadow on the policies of research with regards to socio-economic development of the nation. It will high light some points for taking the results of scientific and technological studies from the research level to implementation at the business level. It will specifically emphasize how to realizethe added value to the economy by applying scientific and technological knowledge in manufacturing and processing of agriculturalcrops and other raw materials available in the countr

Modelling of transient heat transfer in annealing furnaces

This is a study of heat transfer in a lift-off furnace which is employed in the batch annealing of a stack of coils of steel strip. The objective of the project is to investigate the various factors which govern the furnace design and the heat transfer resistances, so as to reduce the time of the annealing cycle, and hence minimize the operating costs. The work involved mathematical modelling of patterns of gas flow and modes of heat transfer. These models are: Heat conduction and its conjectures in the steel coils;Convective heat transfer in the plates separating the coils in the stack and in other parts of the furnace; and Radiative and convective heat transfer in the furnace by using the long furnace model. An important part of the project is the development of numerical methods and computations to solve the transient models. A limited number of temperature measurements was available from experiments on a test coil in an industrial furnace. The mathematical model agreed well with these data. The model has been used to show the following characteristics of annealing furnaces, and to suggest further developments which would lead to significant savings: - The location of the limiting temperature in a coil is nearer to the hollow core than to the outer periphery. - Thermal expansion of the steel tends to open the coils, reduces their thermal conductivity in the radial direction, and hence prolongs the annealing cycle. Increasing the tension in the coils and/or heating from the core would overcome this heat transfer resistance. - The shape and dimensions of the convective channels in the plates have significant effect on heat convection in the stack. An optimal design of a channel is shown to be of a width-to-height ratio equal to 9. - Increasing the cooling rate, by using a fluidized bed instead of the normal shell and tube exchanger, would shorten the cooling time by about 15%, but increase the temperature differential in the stack. - For a specific charge weight, a stack of different-sized coils will have a shorter annealing cycle than one of equally-sized coils, provided that production constraints allow the stacking order to be optimal. - Recycle of hot flue gases to the firing zone of the furnace would produce a. decrease in the thermal efficiency up to 30% but decreases the heating time by about 26%

RECOVERY OF OIL FROM PRODUCED WATER

The study was conducted in Malute Basin Block 3 and 7 located in the Republic of South Sudan in Palouge Field. Produced water is a mixture of organic and inorganic materials. Produced waters characteristics depend on the nature of the producing/storage formation from which they are withdrawn, the operational conditions, and chemicals used in process facilities. The composition of produced water from different sources can vary by order of magnitude. However, produced water composition is qualitatively similar to oil produced the major compounds of produced water include: Dissolved Oil, Dissolved formation minerals, Production chemical compounds, Production solids (including formation solids, corrosion and scale products). The data were collected using different methods: chemical and physical analysis, Analysis of produced water to study the effect and volume of dissolved oil in produced water. The study aimed to assess recovery of dissolved oil in produced water using produced water treatment package. Analysis run for 31 Samples of produced water which were taken within 31days. Oil in water was measured using HACH DR/4000 Spectrophotometer .Results showed that the total dissolved oil in water is in the range 96.68 to 847.43 mg/L inlet in Palouge field and from 21.51to 83.33 mg/L outlet .Then random samples were analyzed from Adar Field ,Moleeta Field, and Gumry Field ,to assess quantity of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHC). Besides, many chemical treatments, whose initial and/or running cost are high and produce hazardous sludge. The most important study recommendations are to decrease the effect of discharging produced water to underground and surface water and reduce cost of handling of produced water by using a relatively new technology to separate oil and gas from produced water at the bottom of the well

Oral health of visually impaired schoolchildren in Khartoum State, Sudan

BACKGROUND: Although oral health care is a vital component of overall health, it remains one of the greatest unattended needs among the disabled. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status and oral health-related quality of life (Child-OIDP in 11-13-year-old) of the visually challenged school attendants in Khartoum State, the Sudan. METHODS: A school-based survey was conducted in Al-Nour institute [boys (66.3%), boarders (35.9%), and children with partial visual impairment (PVI) (44.6%)]. Two calibrated dentists examined the participants (n=79) using DMFT/dmft, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental care index, and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) index. Oral health related quality of life (C-OIDP) was administered to 82 schoolchildren. RESULTS: Caries experience was 46.8%. Mean DMFT (age≥12, n=33) was 0.4 ± 0.7 (SiC 1.6), mean dmft (age<12, n=46) was 1.9 ±2.8 (SiC 3.4), mean OHIS 1.3 ± 0.9. Care Index was zero. One fifth of the children suffered TDI (19%). Almost one third (29%) of the 11–13 year old children reported an oral impact on their daily performances. A quarter of the schoolchildren (25.3%) required an urgent treatment need. Analysis showed that children with partial visual impairment (PVI) were 6.3 times (adjusted) more likely to be diagnosed with caries compared to children with complete visual impairment (CVI), and children with caries experience were 1.3 times (unadjusted) more likely to report an oral health related impact on quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Visually impaired schoolchildren are burdened with oral health problems, especially caries. Furthermore, the 11-13 year olds' burden with caries showed a significant impact on their quality of life

Effects of Mixing Some Wood and Non-Wood Lignocellulosic Materials on the Properties of Cement and Resin- Bonded Particleboard.

A rapid development of the wood–based panel industry has been reported in recent literature. Major growth opportunities are expected to continue in particleboard market. The supply for wood which is so far the main raw material for particleboard has become problematic. Particleboard industry is intensifying efforts to find suitable substitutes for wood. In recent years effective utilization of thinning produce, wood and agricultural residues has gained increasing importance. Several attempts were made to mix different types of raw materials for making particleboard. Particleboard production is directly linked to some of the key issues of our times, namely; resources conservation, housing and the environment. This study investigated the effect of some conventional treatments on compatibility of cement and some wood and non-wood lignocellulosic materials. It also examined the effect of blending different proportions of the lignocellulosic materials on the properties of particleboards made using cement (inorganic binder) and Urea formaldehyde (organic binder). The three lignocellulosic materials used were Acacia nilotica sawdust, bagasse and cotton stalks. They are waste materials of widely cultivated species in Sudan. They were collected from EL Suki sawmill, EL Gunied sugar factory and the Fields of EL Kamlin state. Four experiments were carried out. The first was conducted to investigate the effect of six treatments {control (untreated material), control +3%CaCl2, hot water extraction, Hot water extraction +3%CaCl2,1%NaOH extraction, and 1%NaOH extraction +3%CaCl2} on the hydration characteristics of the three lignocellulosic materials with cement. Two Dewar flasks and a digital thermocouple were used. The maximum hydration temperature, time to reach maximum temperature and rise in temperature above the ambient were determined for each lignocellulosic material. The most suitable treatment common to all materials was the 1%NaOH+3%CaCl2 .The average maximum hydration temperatures were 63.87 °C, for bagasse, 67.87 °C for cotton stalks and 67.9 °C for sunt sawdust. Bagasse was the least responsive material to the treatments used, followed by cotton stalks and then sunt sawdust. In the second experiment, extractive contents, lignin content, hot water and weak alkali solubility of the three lignocellulosic materials were determined. The results of the above mentioned tests revaled that bagasse attained the highest results of hot water and 1% NaOH extraction. The results were therefore consistent with the hydration characteristics observed. In the third experiment different mixtures and ratios were used to manufacture laboratory size cement bonded particle boards. Analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range Test were used to study the significance of the variations, if any. Reasonable panel properties were obtained from the three lignocellulosic materials either pure or mixed using different cement/wood ratios (3:1, 3.5:1 and 4: 1). In the fourth experiment ten different mixtures of the three lignocellulosic materials (Nine homogenous, One layered) of urea formaldehyde resin bonded particleboards were manufactured under the laboratory conditions. The minimum property requirements of commercial particleboard standards EN 312:2003 for MOR,MOE were met or exceeded at 10% resin content level except for pure cotton stalks boards. Addition of bagasse particles to sunt sawdust or cotton stalks or to their mixtures improved the properties of boards made of their respective blend