Micotoxinas de Fusarium na produção de cerveja: Características, toxicidade, incidência, legislação e estratégias de controle

Beer is a worldwide known alcoholic beverage due to many social and economic reasons and therefore the brewing market is expanding. Because of this, the variety of beers with varied organoleptic characteristics and different compositions was increased using different adjuncts like wheat, rice, corn, among others. However, these adjuncts are targets for numerous Fusarium mycotoxins - mainly deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins, these may cause toxic effects to animals and humans. These toxins are also implicated in economic losses, due to worldwide regulations applied for unprocessed and processed food products. Currently, the limits for several mycotoxins have been established for the raw materials involved in brewing, however, there is no specific regulation for mycotoxin contamination in beer; therefore it is essential to apply control measures for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins during the beer processing.A cerveja é uma bebida alcoólica conhecida mundialmente devido a diversas razões sociais e econômicas e, portanto, o mercado cervejeiro está se expandindo cada vez mais. Com isso, aumentou-se a variedade de cervejas com características organolépticas variadas e diferentes composições através da utilização de adjuntos como trigo, arroz e milho, dentre outros. Entretanto, esses adjuntos são alvos de inúmeras micotoxinas. Dentre as micotoxinas produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, destacam-se o desoxinivalenol, zearalenona e as fumonisinas, que proporcionam efeitos tóxicos para animais e humanos. Podem também ocasionar impacto significativo para a economia, uma vez que legislações são aplicadas para controle destas micotoxinas no produto final. Apesar dos limites para diversas micotoxinas serem estabelecidos para as matérias-primas envolvidas na produção de cerveja, até o momento, não existe legislação específica para os limites de micotoxinas em cerveja, sendo essencial a aplicação de medidas de controle para a presença das micotoxinas de Fusarium durante o processamento de cerveja

Complete mtDNA genomes of Anopheles darlingi and an approach to anopheline divergence time

Abstract Background The complete sequences of the mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) of members of the northern and southern genotypes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi were used for comparative studies to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor for modern anophelines, to evaluate differentiation within this taxon, and to seek evidence of incipient speciation. Methods The mtDNAs were sequenced from mosquitoes from Belize and Brazil and comparative analyses of structure and base composition, among others, were performed. A maximum likelihood approach linked with phylogenetic information was employed to detect evidence of selection and a Bayesian approach was used to date the split between the subgenus Nyssorhynchus and other Anopheles subgenera. Results The comparison of mtDNA sequences within the Anopheles darlingi taxon does not provide sufficient resolution to establish different units of speciation within the species. In addition, no evidence of positive selection in any protein-coding gene of the mtDNA was detected, and purifying selection likely is the basis for this lack of diversity. Bayesian analysis supports the conclusion that the most recent ancestor of Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles+Cellia was extant ~94 million years ago. Conclusion Analyses of mtDNA genomes of Anopheles darlingi do not provide support for speciation in the taxon. The dates estimated for divergence among the anopheline groups tested is in agreement with the geological split of western Gondwana (95 mya), and provides additional support for explaining the absence of Cellia in the New World, and Nyssorhynchus in the Afro-Eurasian continents

Fusarium mycotoxins in beer production: characteristics, toxicity, incidence, legislation, and control strategies

A cerveja é uma bebida alcoólica conhecida mundialmente devido a diversas razões sociais e econômicas e, portanto, o mercado cervejeiro está se expandindo cada vez mais. Com isso, aumentou-se a variedade de cervejas com características organolépticas variadas e diferentes composições através da utilização de adjuntos como trigo, arroz e milho, dentre outros. Entretanto, esses adjuntos são alvos de inúmeras micotoxinas. Dentre as micotoxinas produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, destacam-se o desoxinivalenol, zearalenona e as fumonisinas, que proporcionam efeitos tóxicos para animais e humanos. Podem também ocasionar impacto significativo para a economia, uma vez que legislações são aplicadas para controle destas micotoxinas no produto final. Apesar dos limites para diversas micotoxinas serem estabelecidos para as matérias-primas envolvidas na produção de cerveja, até o momento, não existe legislação específica para os limites de micotoxinas em cerveja, sendo essencial a aplicação de medidas de controle para a presença das micotoxinas de Fusarium durante o processamento de cerveja112247256FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2017/04811- 4Beer is a worldwide known alcoholic beverage due to many social and economic reasons and therefore the brewing market is expanding. Because of this, the variety of beers with varied organoleptic characteristics and different compositions was increased using different adjuncts like wheat, rice, corn, among others. However, these adjuncts are targets for numerous Fusarium mycotoxins - mainly deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins, these may cause toxic effects to animals and humans. These toxins are also implicated in economic losses, due to worldwide regulations applied for unprocessed and processed food products. Currently, the limits for several mycotoxins have been established for the raw materials involved in brewing, however, there is no specific regulation for mycotoxin contamination in beer; therefore it is essential to apply control measures for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins during the beer processin