The effect of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) on inflammatory markers (total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count and tumor necrosis factor-alpha)

Background: Inflammation is involved in pathogenesis of many diseases. Antiinflammatory chemicals can be used to treat such illness,especially if they are derived from plant sources as they will have fewer side effects. Objective:to find out  the outcome of ethanolic extract of syzygium aromaticum flower buds on markers of inflammation in albino rats.Material and method: Antiinflammatory activity was investigated in albino rats using a experimental model of  inflammation, the “formalin test” (injecting 5 % formalin into subplantar surface of right hind paw). Ninety rats were uniformly divided into three groups designates as control A,experimental B and refrence C. Intraperitoneal  injection of normal saline, syzygium aromaticum flower bud extract and  indomethacin was used. In these rats, foot edema was measured by Vernier caliper. Blood sampling was done through cardiac punture under anaesthesia to determine total and differential leukocyte counts and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Results: The clove extract  produced significant (p=0.00) decrease  in inflammatory response initiated by 5% formalin. The extract significantly decreased (p=0.009) serum TNF-α. However, its effect on the total and differential leukocyte counts was non-significant (p˃0.05).Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of syzygium aromaticum  possesses potent  anti-inflammatory effects

In vitro Anti-Cancer Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles Encapsulating Caralluma tuberculata in Cancer Cells

Rapidly evolving drug delivery systems employ therapeutic agents (liposomes, polymers, and nanospheres) to achieve optimum therapeutic and targeted effects with declined side effects to cure chronic diseases like cancer. Nano-formulation of a natural product i.e., Caralluma tuberculata (Ct) extract, has been used as an effective combinational therapy with enhanced biocompatibility owing to its strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor potential. Ct extract was prepared using three solvents (EtOH, MeOH, and CHCl3) amongst which methanolic Ct extract exhibited the highest percentage yield (9.6%). Qualitative phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and antioxidant assays (DPPH assay and H2O2 assay) were performed. The percentage free radical scavenging values were found to be 86.25% (IC50=140.1μg/ml) and 88% (IC50=14.22μg/ml) at 1000 μg/ml concentration for both assays respectively. Methanolic Ct extract was then encapsulated in chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticles using ionic gelation method with an encapsulation efficiency of 87%. Characterization showed uniform size distribution of 140nm particle size using DLS and encapsulation of Ct extract inside CS-TPP nanoparticles was confirmed by UV spectrophotometry and FTIR. Ct loaded CS-TPP nanoparticles showed less than or equal to 5% hemolytic activity at concentrations of 15.62μg/ml, 31.25μg/ml, 62.5μg/ml, and 125μg/ml, suggesting its safer usage at lower concentration. Rhodamine conjugated Ct loaded CS-TPP nanoparticles showed significant uptake efficiency in breast cancer cells compared to control. Ct extract and the nanoformulation were treated against triple negative breast cancer cell lines (Cal-51) for the evaluation of cytotoxicity exhibiting 30-40% (IC50=122.3μg/ml) and up to 75% (IC50=14.39μg/ml) cytotoxicity respectively. The study paves way for the encapsulation of medicinal plants in polymeric nanoparticles to achieve safer and highly efficient drug delivery systems

Role of Nanotechnology and Gene Delivery Systems in TRAIL-Based Therapies

Since its identification as a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) has emerged as a new avenue in apoptosis-inducing cancer therapies. Its ability to circumvent the chemoresistance of conventional therapeutics and to interact with cancer stem cells (CSCs) self-renewal pathways, amplified its potential as a cancer apoptotic agent. Many recombinant preparations of this death ligand and monoclonal antibodies targeting its death receptors have been tested in monotherapy and combinational clinical trials. Gene therapy is a new approach for cancer treatment which implies viral or non-viral functional transgene induction of apoptosis in cancer cells or repair of the underlying genetic abnormality on a molecular level. The role of this approach in overcoming the traditional barriers of radiation and chemotherapeutics systemic toxicity, risk of recurrence, and metastasis made it a promising platform for cancer treatment. The recent first Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved oncolytic herpes virus for melanoma treatment brings forth the potency of the cancer gene therapy approach in the future. Many gene delivery systems have been studied for intratumoural TRAIL gene delivery alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to produce synergistic cancer cytotoxicity. However, there still remain many obstacles to be conquered for this different gene delivery systems. Nanomedicine on the other hand offers a new frontier for clinical trials and biomedical research. The FDA approved nanodrugs motivates horizon exploration for other nanoscale designed particles\u27 implications in gene delivery. In this review we aim to highlight the molecular role of TRAIL in apoptosis and interaction with cancer stem cells (CSCs) self-renewal pathways. Finally, we also aim to discuss the different roles of gene delivery systems, mesenchymal cells, and nanotechnology designs in TRAIL gene delivery

In situ immobilization of CuO on SiO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e/graphite matrix, modified with benzimidazolium-1-acatate ionic liquid: Application as catechol sensor

© 2017 Carbon ceramic material (SiO2/C) was prepared using the sol-gel technique. Copper oxide was in situ synthesized on the pores of the matrix, to ensure homogenous distribution of the electroactive species in the matrix pores. To enhance the conductivity of material, the SiO2/C/CuO was modified with benzimidazolium-1-acetate ionic liquid. The surface area (SBET 432.56 m2/g) and pore volume (0.90 cm3/g) of the material were calculated from BET analysis. SEM images showed compactness of materials, having no phase segregation within the magnification used. The structure of ionic liquid was confirmed using NMR and FTIR analysis. The electrodes as a pressed disk fabricated from SiO2/C, SiO2/C/CuO, and SiO2/C/CuO/IL materials were tested as an electrochemical sensor for catechol determination. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has revealed that the SiO2/C/CuO/IL-based sensor assists the charge transfer owing to electron rich density, resonance, and conductance of ionic liquid structural moiety. SiO2/C/CuO/IL electrode exhibits excellent sensitivity, linear response range and low limit of detection (LOD) of 712 μA μmol− 1 dm3 cm− 2, 0.2 mM–10 mM and 0.7 × 10− 8 mol L− 1, respectively. The sensor was also tested for the determination of catechol in real samples and gives very good results for its determination

Fingolimod plays role in attenuation of myocardial injury related to experimental model of cardiac arrest and extracorporeal life support resuscitation

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is a major global health concern, and survival of patients with ischemia-reperfusion injury is a leading cause of myocardial dysfunction. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood because of the complex pathophysiological nature of the disease. Aim of the study was to investigate the cardioprotective role of fingolimod in an in vivo model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.Methods: In this study, an in vivo rat model of cardiac arrest using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation monitored by invasive hemodynamic measurement was developed. At the beginning of extracorporeal life support (ECLS), animals were randomly treated with fingolimod (Group A, n = 30) or saline (Group B, n = 30). Half of the animals in each group (Group A1 and B1, n = 15 each) were sacrificed after 1 h, and the remaining animals (Group A2 and B2) after 24 h of reperfusion. Blood and myocardial tissues were collected for analysis of cardiac features, inflammatory biomarkers, and cell signaling pathways.Results: Treatment with fingolimod resulted in activation of survival pathways resulting into reduced inflammation, myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. This led to significant improvement in systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle and improved contractility index.Conclusions: Sphingosine1phosphate receptor activation with fingolimod improved cardiac function after cardiac arrest supported with ECLS. Present study findings strongly support a cardioprotective role of fingolimod through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activation during reperfusion after circulatory arrest

جاگیردارانہ اور سرمایہ دارانہ نظام کا ارتقا

On the first day, the earth has been the main source of livelihood for mankind. In this regard, agriculture is considered to be the first occupation. As well as meeting the needs of human food, the land is also the best source of income. The system created by the increase in thee sources of income is called the feudal system. Every ruler needs manpower for agriculture. Those who do not become rulersbeecome subjugated and continue the process of agricultural production. The ruler becomes the owner of all income without participation. This process continued for centuries, which was transformed by the mechanized age of human development into a system of achieving better and faster production.Thuscapitalism was introduced along with feudalism. This article presents the evolutionary stage of the journey of the capitalist system from the feudal system to the new World Order of the twentieth century

فرہنگ گذشتہ لکھنؤ کی تحقیقی اغلاط پر ایک نظر

The Guzashta-e-Lukhnow is an important cultural milestone in Urdu literature side by side with Delhi. This is the sixth time that Dr. Ikram Chughtai has edited this cultural history of Sharar. He has tried to make it more authentic than the previous versions in terms of research, but the dictionary included in the book has made this research work eclipsed. Mazhar Mehmood Sherani, in his long essay, has strongly criticized his research based book;this article is based on Dr. Sheranis long essay and focuses on the errors which have created a ridiculous situation.</p

ڈراما کے ابتدائی نقوش اور مغربی ماخذ کا جائزہ

  This paper addresses the representation of theory of history in television dramas which starts from the Greek Era of stage performance. During study we will see that history and historical themes are commonly addressed in all ages in every language and in almost each culture. This paper will look at those historical occasions also which underpin the remarkable Dramas from early period to the progress of this genre in Urdu Literature.    

احسان دانش: شاعرِ مزدور

Ehsan Danish has his own distinct identity in the literature of twentieth century folk and local poetry. That is why he is called the poet of labour. Ehsan Danish in his poems has fully reflected the lower class, especially the problems of the workers and their suffering and pains. A large part of his poetic themes are in opposition to the feudal system. But his poetic temperament differs from the point of view of the progressive movement. Ehsan Danish’s protests and uprisings against capitalistic culture is the topic of this article