Selenium, cadmium and diazinon insecticide in tissues of rats after peroral exposure

The concentrations of selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and diazinon (DZN) in selected tissues of rats after an oral administration in various combinations were analyzed. Male rats were orally dosed with diazinon (40 mg.L-1), diazinon (40 mg.L-1) +selenium (5 mg.L-1), diazinon (40 mg.L-1) +cadmium (30 mg.L-1), and diazinon (40 mg.L-1) +selenium (5 mg.L-1) +cadmium (30 mg.L-1) in drinking water. After 90 days of per oral administration of compounds, the samples of liver, kidney, muscle tissue (m. quadriceps femoris), and adipose tissue were collected. The content of DZN was analyzed using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Cd was analyzed using an Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) and Se using a Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS) methods. Cadmium significantly increased in liver and kidney after DZN +Cd and DZN +Se +Cd administration. Se significantly increased in liver of DZN +Se, DZN +Se +Cd and DZN +Cd exposed rats, in kidney of DZN +Se and DZN +Se +Cd and DZN +Cd, and in muscle of DZN +Se +Cd group. Highest DZN content was found in the adipose tissue in DZN, DZN +Cd and DZN +Se +Cd but not in combined exposure with Se. Anyway, the differences between the control and experimental groups were not significant. The results indicate that cadmium and selenium accumulate mainly in liver, kidney and selenium also in muscle after p.o. administration but diazinon concentrations increases were not signifcant. The co-administration of diazinon, Se and Cd affects the content of these compounds in the organism and the accumulation rate depends on the combination of administered compounds. Diazinon and cadmium could contribute to the selenium redistribution in the organism after the peroral intake

Essential and toxic elements concentrations in animal tissues of sheep from two different regions of Slovakia

Article Details: Received: 2020-09-23 | Accepted: 2020-10-05 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.217-223Animal products and meat from farm animals are consumed daily and it is very good source of animal proteins, but consumer´s information about exposure to heavy metals in meat and it´s health risk is in general low. The main goal of the present work was to determine essential and toxic elements in offal and meat of sheep from two different regions of Slovakia with different environmental load. In present study 11 elements (essential elements: calcium, zinc, magnesium, selenium, iron, copper; toxic elements: arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel) have been analysed. Statistically significant differences (P <0.01) were noted between the concentrations of Ca, Zn, Cu in the liver, Zn and Se in the kidneys of animals, Ca, and Mg in muscle. In the liver of sheep, statistically significant differences (P <0.05) was detected in concentration of Fe and in the case concentration of Se in the mammary gland and muscle of animals. Chemical analyses between the control and experimental group of animals indicated increased concentrations of Cd in the liver and kidney of animals in both monitored groups, which exceeded the maximum residual limit. Results of this also showed statistically significant correlations between some elements in animal tissue samples.Keywords: tissues, sheep, essential elements, toxic elementsReferencesBILANDŽIĆ, N., ĐOKIĆ, M. and SEDAK, M. (2010). Survey of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead in kidney of cattle, horse, sheep, and pigs from rural areas in Croatia. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 3, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.503194BLANCO-PENEDO, I., CRUZ, J.M., LÓPEZ-ALONSO, M., MIRANDA, M., CASTILLO, C. and HERNÁNDEZ, J. (2006). 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Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, 4(3), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.292601ROGGEMAN, S., de BOECK, G., DE COCK, H., BLUST, R. and BERVOETS, L. (2014). Accumulation and detoxification of metals and arsenic in tissues of cattle (Bos taurus), and the risks  for human consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 466– 467:175–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.007SLAMEČKA, J., JURČÍK, R., TATARUCH, F. and PEŠKOVIČOVÁ, D. (1994). Kumulácia ťažkých kovov v orgánoch zajaca poľného (Lepus europaeus, Pall.) na juhozápadnom Slovensku. Feolia Venatoria, 24, 77–87.SUTTLE, N.F. (2010). Mineral nutrition of livestock. 4th edition. UK: CABI, Oxford.TOMZA-MARCINIAK, A., PILARCZYK, B., BAKOWSKA, M., PILARCZYK, R., WÓJCIK, J. and MARCINIAK, A. (2011). Relationship between selenium and selected heavy metals concentration in serum of cattle form a nonpolluted area. 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Bone adaptation to simultaneous cadmium and diazinon toxicity in adult male rats

Food contamination from natural or anthropogenic sources poses severe risks to health of human and animals. Bone is a metabolically active organ, which can be affected by various toxic substances, such as cadmium (Cd) and diazinon (DZN), leading to disruption in bone metabolic processes. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of simultaneous peroral administration to Cd and DZN on femoral compact bone structure in adult male rats. A total of twenty 1-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two experimental groups. In the first group (EG), young males were dosed with a combination of 30 mg CdCl2/L and 40 mg DZN/L in drinking water, for 90 days. Ten 1-month-old males without Cd-DZN intoxication served as a control group (CG). After 90 days of daily peroral exposure, evaluations of femoral bonemacro- and micro-structure were performed in each group. We found no significant differences in body weight, femoral weight, femoral length and cortical bone thickness between both groups (EG and CG). However, rats from the group EG displayed different microstructure in the middle part of the substantia compacta where primary vascular radial bone tissue appeared. In some cases, vascular expansion was so enormous that canals were also present near the periost. On the other hand, they occurred only near endosteal surfaces in rats from the control group. Moreover, a smaller number of primary and secondary osteons was identified in Cd-DZN-exposed rats. This fact signalizes reduced mechanical properties of their bones. Anyway, our results suggest an adaptive response of compact bone tissue to Cd-DZN-induced toxicity in adult male rats in order to prevent osteonecrosis

Obsah chemických pvkov v kozom mlieku, srvátke, syroch a jogurte z ekologickej a konvenčnej farmy

Milk and dairy products are an important part of the human diet for numerous reasons. Goat milk is higher in the content of elements such as K and Ca. Nowadays, consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products increases because of better digestion and therapeutic value. However, goat milk can contain heavy metals and trace elements as well which can harm human health. The content of 22 elements in sixty-nine samples of goat milk, whey, three types of cheese, and yogurt from the ecological farm in region Orava and conventional farm in region Stredné Považie in Slovakia was measured in this study. The highest concentration of four elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na in samples of goat products was found. In our study, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found only in levels of K, Ca, Li and Na when comparing milk samples from organic and conventional farm. Concentrations of K (1260.50 mg/kg), Li (0.02 mg/kg) and Na (293.46 mg/kg) were higher in samples from ecological farm, while concentration of Ca (1344.65 mg/kg) was higher in samples from conventional farm. Toxic elements were present in trace amounts or under the limit of detection. The consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products from monitored farms can be considered as safe and beneficial for human health regardless of the way of farming. According to the highest level of strontium in hard ripening cheese, frequent regular consumption should be considered for children as a preventive measure for development of bone health.Mlieko a mliečne výrobky sú dôležitou zložkou v strave ľudí z viacerých dôvodov. Všetky typy mlieka sa skladajú z tých istých zložiek, ale ich množstvo je rozdielne. Kozie mlieko obsahuje vyššie množstvo draslíka a vápnika. V súčasnosti konzumácia ovčích mliečnych výrobkov stúpa kvôli ich ľahšej stráviteľnosti a terapeutickej hodnote, ktorá im je pripisovaná. Kozie mlieko a výrobky z neho avšak môžu v dôsledku environmentálneho znečistenia predstavovať aj zdroj ťažkých kovov, ktoré následne môžu pôsobiť nepriaznivo na ľudské zdravie. Obsah 22 prvkov v 69 vzorkách kozieho mlieka a výrobkov z neho bol stanovovaný v tejto štúdii. Vzorky pochádzali z ekologickej farmy z regiónu Orava a konvenčnej farmy, ktorá sa nachádza v regióne Stredné Považie. Najvyššie koncentrácie vo vzorkách kozích mliečnych produktov dosahovali prvky vápnik, draslík, horčík a sodík. Pri porovnaní vzoriek kozieho mlieka z ekologickej a konvenčnej farmy boli nájdené štatistické rozdiely (P < 0,05) len pri obsahu prvkov K, Ca, Li a Na. Vyššie koncentrácie prvkov draslíka (1260,50 mg/kg), lítia (0,02 mg/kg) a sodíka (293,46 mg/kg) sa našli vo vzorkách mlieka pochádzajúcich z ekologickej farmy, kým vyššia priemerná koncentrácia vápnika (1344,65 mg/kg) sa nachádzala vo vzorkách mlieka z konvenčnej farmy. Toxické prvky boli stanovené v stopových množstvách, alebo pod limitom detekcie. Na základe výsledkov môžeme považovať kozie mlieko a výrobky z neho z oboch fariem za bezpečné pre ľudskú spotrebu s možným priaznivým účinkom na zdravie bez ohľadu na spôsob hospodárenia. Častá a pravidelná konzumácia tvrdého zrejúceho syra malými deťmi je na zváženie, ako preventívne opatrenie podpory vývoja kostného zdravia, vzhľadom na najvyšší obsah stôp stroncia

Simultaneous subchronic exposure to selenium and diazinon as possible risk factor for osteoporosis in adult male rats

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis and its main health outcome, fragility fractures, are large and escalating health problems. Skeletal damage may be the critical result of low-level prolonged exposure to several xenobiotics in the general population, but the mechanisms of their adverse effects are not clearly understood. The current study was aimed to investigate the possible ability of simultaneous subchronic peroral administration of selenium (Se) and diazinon (DZN) to induce changes in bone of adult male rats. In our study, twenty 1-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In the first group, young males were exposed to 5 mg Na(2)SeO(3)/L and 40 mg of DZN/L in drinking water, for 90 days. Ten 1-month-old males without Se and DZN intoxication served as a control group. At the end of the experiment, macroscopic and microscopic structures of the femurs were analysed using analytical scales, sliding instrument, and polarized light microscopy. RESULTS: The body weight, femoral length and cortical bone thickness were significantly decreased in rats simultaneously exposed to Se and DZN (P < 0.05). These rats also displayed different microstructure in the middle part of the compact bone where vascular canals expanded into central area of substantia compacta. The canals occurred only near endosteal surfaces in rats from the control group. Additionally, a smaller number of primary and secondary osteons, as well as a few resorption lacunae were observed near endosteal surfaces in rats simultaneously administered to Se and DZN. The resorption lacunae as typical structures of bone resorption manifestation are connected with an early stage of osteoporosis. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameters of primary osteons’ vascular canals were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Se-DZN-exposed rats. On the other hand, all measured variables of Haversian canals and secondary osteons were considerable reduced (P < 0.05) in these rats. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous subchronic peroral exposure to Se and DZN induces changes in macroscopic and microscopic structures of the femurs in adult male rats, and also it can be considered as possible risk factor for osteoporosis. The current study contributes to the knowledge on damaging impact of several xenobiotics on the bone

Effects of a single intraperitoneal administration of cadmium on femoral bone structure in male rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is considered a risk factor for various bone diseases in humans and experimental animals. This study investigated the acute effects of Cd on femoral bone structure of adult male rats after a single intraperitoneal administration.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Ten 4-month-old male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 2 mg CdCl₂/kg body weight and killed 36 h after the Cd had been injected. Ten 4-month-old males served as a control group. Differences in body weight, femoral weight, femoral length and histological structure of the femur were evaluated between the two groups of rats. The unpaired Student's t-test was used for establishment of statistical significance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A single intraperitoneal administration of Cd had no significant effect on the body weight, femoral weight or femoral length. On the other hand, histological changes were significant. Rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher values of area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameters of the primary osteons' vascular canals and Haversian canals. In contrast, a significant decrease in all variables of the secondary osteons was observed in these rats.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results indicate that, as expected, a single intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg CdCl₂/kg body weight had no impact on macroscopic structure of rat's femora; however, it affected the size of vascular canals of primary osteons, Haversian canals, and secondary osteons.</p

Monitoring of selected essential elements and contaminants at sheep and cow farms in Eastern Slovakia

The aim of this study was to determinate the actual contamination of selected area of Slovakia, in view of its environmental character referred both to the suitability or unsuitability of the use of milk from this area, to other food processing. This article deals with analysis of the content of selected compounds in soil, feed and milk, at the cow and sheep farms. Village in Eastern Slovakia, Tulčík, was the area of investigation. This area is characterized as an area with mild disturbance of environment. 11 compounds have been analyzed (calcium, selenium, cadmium, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls – congeners 138, 153, 180, and pesticides - p,p´ DDE, Endosulfan I., Beta-HCH, aflatoxin M1). Samples of soil were collected once a year (spring season), samples of feeds and milk were collected two-times a year (spring and autumn season). Analysis of samples was performed in Eurofins Bel/Novamann (Nové Zámky, Slovak Republic). Analyses were performed by routine methods, according to the valid methodologies. Levels of compounds were obtained and then results have been compared with the most acceptable limits in according to applicable legislation. At both farms, 73.08% (38 samples) of analyzed compounds were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) and 26.92% (14 samples) of compounds were quantifiable. The most significant differences between monitored farms were recorded in soil (27 720 mg·kg-1 Ca), feed (27 620 mg·kg-1 Ca) and milk (960 mg·kg-1 Ca). The high content of calcium in soil and feed did not affect the content of calcium in milk. The results showed that the content of toxic elements, polychorinated biphenyls, pesticides and aflatoxin M1 in analyzed area of Eastern Slovakia was very low and under the limit of quantification. It can be concluded, that the use of milk from this area for direct use or for dairy products is appropriate and poses no health risk to the consumers

Changes in the concentrations of selected toxic and essential elements in ewe milk from area with a potentially undisturbed environment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactation on the concentration of selected essential and toxic elements in sheep milk forma area of Slovakia with potentially undisturbed environment and to find the actual contamination of selected area, in view of its environmental character. The research was conducted with 400 sheep (Tsigai breed), where the milk samples were taken during the lactation periods (early, middle and late lactation stage). Sheep were reared on the extensive pastures, reared indoors afterwards, fed with pasture ad libidum. Milk samples were collected after morning and afternoon milking. The samples of milk were analysed toxic and essential elements (Ca, Se, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The macro elements concentration in milk changes following the stages of lactation (p < 0.05). There was found that Ca milk concentration increased gradually in the following stages of lactation while Mg, Se, and Fe only in the last stage of lactation. With order hand, the milk concentration of Zn was the highest during summer (p < 0.05). Simultaneously the contents of essential elements (Cu) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) in milk were very low, below the limit of quantification. In conclusion, ewe’s milk from potentially undisturbed environmental areas of Slovakia is safe and poses no risk to consumer health, and is suitable for use directly or in dairy processing