Thoron in the environment and its related issues

Since radon is internationally noted as the second cause of lung cancer, many countries are trying about to solve the problem worldwide. In addition, a new evidence of lung cancer risk has been recently found out with a low level below 200 Bq m–3. Thus the action level will have to be set lower than before. Importance of radon exposure has been further recognized and accurate radon concentrations will be required. Recently thoron has also been recognized from the viewpoint of accurate radon measurements. The present paper describes specification of the NIRS radon and thoron chambers, passive measurement technique of radon and thoron and thoron interference on radon measurements from both experimental studies and field experiences on epidemiological study area.Thoron in the environment and its related issues Shinji Tokonami National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan E-mail : [email protected] Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japa

Der constitutionelle Hans Jörgel

第11回国際放射線防護会

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: facts, environmental contamination, possible biological effects, and countermeasures

On March 11, 2011, an earthquake led to major problems at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. A 14-m high tsunami triggered by the earthquake disabled all AC power to Units 1, 2, and 3 of the Power Plant, and carried off fuel tanks for emergency diesel generators. Despite many efforts, cooling systems did not work and hydrogen explosions damaged the facilities, releasing a large amount of radioactive material into the environment. In this review, we describe the environmental impact of the nuclear accident, and the fundamental biological effects, acute and late, of the radiation. Possible medical countermeasures to radiation exposure are also discussed

Terrestrial Gamma Radiation in Phuket Island, Thailand

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of terrestrial radioactivity on Phuket Island, which used to be the richest tin province in Thailand. We measured 124 survey points of terrestrial gamma dose rate at one meter above the surface of local soil along roads in the environs of Phuket Island. Another 31 survey points were examined inside an old ore-dressing plant. The terrestrial gamma dose rate of the Island (excluding the abandoned area of the old dressing plant) ranges from 20 to 900 nGy h-1, while the geometric mean Island value was 190 nGy h-1. Soil samples were also collected from selected areas having high gamma dose rates to analyze for activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. Based on these soil activities, the calculated terrestrial gamma dose rate found to range between 25 and 520 nGy h-1. The corresponding annual effective doses varied between 0.03 and 0.6 mSv y-1. The results of the terrestrial gamma dose rate obtained from direct measurement in the old tin dressing plant ranged from 110-17,170 nGy h-1 with a mean value of 1410 nGy h-1. The terrestrial gamma dose rate calculated from soil samples in the dressing plant ranged from 590 to 206,080 nGy h-1 which corresponding to annual effective dose of 0.7-250 mSv y-1. Thus, the dose rates on much of Phuket Island are within typical background values while the dose rates within the old tin dressing plant are elevated by as much as 16 times background

Investigation of radon and thoron concentrations in a landmark skyscraper in Tokyo

The temporal variation of the radon concentration, and the radon and thoron concentrations every three months for a year were measured using two types of devices in a landmark skyscraper, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Daiichi Building. In the measurement of temporal variation of the radon concentration using a pulse type ionization chamber, the average radon concentration was 21 ± 13 Bq m-3 (2 - 68 Bq m-3). The measured indoor radon concentration had a strong relationship with the operation of the mechanical ventilation system and the activities of the office workers. The radon concentration also increased together with temperature. Other environmentalparameters, such as air pressure and relative humidity, were not related to the radon concentration. In the long-term measurements using a passive radon and thoron discriminative monitor, no seasonal variation was observed. The annual average concentrations of radon and thoron were 16 ± 8 Bq m-3 and 16 ± 7 Bq m-3, respectively. There was also no relationship between the two concentrations. The annual average effective dose for office workers in this skyscraper was estimated to be 0.08 mSv y-1 for 2000 working hours per year. When considering the indoor radon exposure received from their residential dwellings using the annual mean radon concentration indoors in Japan (15.5 Bq m-3), the annual average effective dose was estimated to be 0.37 mSv y-1. This value was 31 % of the worldwide average annual effective dose

Changes of ambient gamma-ray dose rate in Katsushika Ward, metropolitan Tokyo before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Katsushika Ward in the eastern part of metropolitan Tokyo was the Tokyo area with the highest deposition of artificial radionuclides after the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. A car-borne survey of the air kerma rate was conducted for all of the ward and the results were compared with measurements done in 2005. The mean air kerma rate in 2014 was 59 ± 12 nGy h⁻¹ and that was 50% higher than the rate in 2005 (p < 0.01). Additionally, the environmental half-life was estimated to be 1.9 years from the transition of ambient equivalent dose rate after the accident for data published by the Katsushika Ward Office

Radon and Thoron; Radioactive Gases Lurking in Earthen Houses in Rural Kenya

In this paper, documented studies on radon and thoron concentrations in earthen dwellings and 238U and 232Th concentrations in soil in Kenya are reviewed. High concentrations of the isotopes were recorded in the earthen dwellings despite being generally well ventilated. Mrima Hill in the Coast region recorded the highest thoron levels with a mean of 652 Bq m−3. Twenty five percent of dwellings had thoron concentration in excess of 1,000 Bq m−3. Notably high indoor radon levels were recorded in Taita Taveta also in the Coast region, and in Kenyatta University situated in Nairobi in the Central region of the country. Radon concentration in the Rift Valley region was found to be too low to contribute significantly to radiation exposure. Based on studies on the concentration of 238U and 232Th in soil, the Southwestern region of the country was anticipated to have elevated radon/thoron concentrations in earthen dwellings. Existing studies involving measurement of indoor radon and thoron, and 226Ra and 232Th in soil are relatively few and of a small scale. More extensive studies are therefore necessary not only to corroborate the risk projections but to also generate sufficient data to enable countrywide mapping of indoor radon/thoron risk-prone areas

Individual Radiation Exposure Dose Due to Support Activities at Safe Shelters in Fukushima Prefecture

Immediately after the accidents in the nuclear power stations in Fukushima on March 11, the Japanese Government ordered the evacuation of the residents within a 20-km radius from the station on March 12, and asked various institutions to monitor the contamination levels of the residents. Hirosaki University, which is located 355 km north of Fukushima City, decided to send support staff to Fukushima. This report summarizes the results of the exposure of 13 individual teams from March 15 to June 20. The support teams surveyed more than 5,000 people during this period. Almost all subjects had external contamination levels of less than 13 kcpm on Geiger-Müller (GM) survey meter, which is categorized as “no contamination level.” The 1st team showed the highest external exposure dose, but the 4th team onward showed no significant change. Subsequently, the internal radiation exposure was measured using a whole body counter that indicated undetectable levels in all staff members. Although the measured external radiation exposure dose cannot have serious biological effects on the health of an individual, a follow-up study of the residents in Fukushima and other regions where the radioactive material has spread will be required for a long time

Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of a Snake-Inspired Robot with a Rectilinear Gait

Snake-inspired robots display promise in areas such as search, rescue and reconnaissance due to their ability to locomote through tight spaces. However, several specific issues regarding the design and analysis must be addressed in order to better design them. This thesis develops kinematic and dynamic models for a class of snake-inspired gait known as a rectilinear gait, where mechanism topology changes over the course of the gait. A model using an Eulerian framework and Coulomb friction yields torque expressions for the joints of the robot. B-spline curves are then used to generate a parametric optimization formulation for joint trajectory generation. Exact gradient computation of the torque functions is presented. A parametric model is used to describe the performance effects of changing system parameters such as mass, length, and motor speed. Finally, a snake-inspired robot is designed and fabricated in order to demonstrate both the vertical rectilinear gait and a modular, molded design aimed at reducing the cost of fabrication