Typology: Pros and Cons in Biblical Hermeneutics and Leterary Criticism (from Leonhard Goppelt to Northrop Frye)

Panorama de teorías de la tipología bíblica o figuralismo en el siglo xx, en los campos de la hermenéutica bíblica y de los etudios literarios. Estudia los orígenes de la cuestión en la controversia Goppelt-Bultmann, y recapitula las posturas de exegetas como Danielou y De Lubac, Von Rad y sus críticos, Dentan, Markus y Lampe, y los enfoques más creativos de Baker y Cahill; por último muestra la aportación de críticos literarios como Auerbach, Charity, Ohly, Galdon y Frye. This essay is a survey of various theories of biblical typology (figuralism) in 20th century biblical hermeneutics and literary criticism. It discusses the origins of the issue in the Goppelt-Bultmann controversy, and rehearses the positions of biblical scholars, such as Danielou and De Lubac, Von Rad and his critics, Dentan, Markus and Lampe, the more creative approaches of Baker and Cahill, as well as those of literary critics: Auerbach, Charity, Ohly, Galdon and Frye

Novel peripheral motor neurons in the posterior tentacles of the snail responsible for local tentacle movements

Three flexor muscles of the posterior tentacles of the snail Helix pomatia have recently been described. Here, we identify their local motor neurons by following the retrograde transport of neurobiotin injected into these muscles. The mostly unipolar motor neurons (15-35 A mu m) are confined to the tentacle digits and send motor axons to the M2 and M3 muscles. Electron microscopy revealed small dark neurons (5-7 A mu m diameter) and light neurons with 12-18 (T1 type) and 18-30 A mu m diameters (T2 type) in the digits. The diameters of the neurobiotin-labeled neurons corresponded to the T1 type light neurons. The neuronal processes of T1 type motor neurons arborize extensively in the neuropil area of the digits and receive synaptic inputs from local neuronal elements involved in peripheral olfactory information processing. These findings support the existence of a peripheral stimulus-response pathway, consisting of olfactory stimulus-local motor neuron-motor response components, to generate local lateral movements of the tentacle tip ("quiver"). In addition, physiological results showed that each flexor muscle receives distinct central motor commands via different peritentacular nerves and common central motor commands via tentacle digits, respectively. The distal axonal segments of the common pathway can receive inputs from local interneurons in the digits modulating the motor axon activity peripherally without soma excitation. These elements constitute a local microcircuit consisting of olfactory stimulus-distal segments of central motor axons-motor response components, to induce patterned contraction movements of the tentacle. The two local microcircuits described above provide a comprehensive neuroanatomical basis of tentacle movements without the involvement of the CNS