On the cellular autoimmune mechanism for eliminating erythrocytes normally and under extreme influences

The presence of an autoimmune cellular mechanism for destroying erythrocytes on the basis of results of experiments in vivo is demonstrated in the blood and the organs. This mechanism is made up of a population of immunocompetent killer-lymphocytes which originates in the bone marrow and the thymus, and which is manifested in the local hemolysis effect

Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) of the North-West Caucasus: fauna, ecology, landscape and biotopic distribution

Sixty one species of grasshoppers from 35  genera and 8  subfamilies are recorded for the North-West Caucasus. The features of biotopic distribution of grasshoppers are analyzed on the main types of landscapes in the region. In the Kuban  – CisAzov biogeographic province, the highest diversity of grasshoppers is characteristic of steppe biotopes with forb-grass vegetation, where 25  species are noted. The highest diversity is typical for low-mountain meadows and mountain steppes, which number 22 grasshoppers species each in the Black  Sea  – Kuban province. At the same time, these landscapes are characterized by a low value of the measure of similarity of Sørensen-Chekanovsky (0.51). Gramineous chortobionts (52%) and facultative chortobionts (16%) dominate in the fauna of the NorthWest Caucasus, the remaining life forms of grasshoppers are represented by a relatively small number of species. Among the grasshoppers, seven endemic species for the North-West Caucasus, as well as two endemic species for the whole Caucasus, are noted

Infliction of Damage to Property by Fraud or Abuse of Trust: Aggregate of Circumstances Essential for Instituting Prosecution (Court Practice Analysis)

The article considers the aggregate of circumstances essential for establishment of infliction of damage to property by fraud or abuse of trust: time, place, modus operandi and other circumstances of the commission of a crime. Using the results of empirical research the authors define the possible forms of criminal act and as well as specific modus operandi for each form. The results of statistical data analysis on the article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation make it possible to note that the large number of indicated crimes are committed in the financial sphere and consumer market providing a choice of methods for calculation of damage inflicted to property.В статье рассматривается совокупность обстоятельств, существенных для установления события причинения имущественного ущерба путем обмана или злоупотребления доверием: время, место, способ и другие обстоятельства совершения преступления. По результатам эмпирического исследования автором определяются возможные формы преступного деяния, а также характерные для каждой формы способы совершения преступлений. По результатам анализа статистических данных по ст. 165 УК РФ отмечается, что большинство указанных преступлений совершаются в сфере финансовой деятельности и потребительского рынка, что обусловливает выбор методик исчисления имущественного ущерба

Photodynamic Opening of the Blood–Brain Barrier and the Meningeal Lymphatic System: The New Niche in Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising add-on therapy to the current standard of care for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). The traditional explanation of the anti-cancer PDT effects involves the PDT-induced generation of a singlet oxygen in the GBM cells, which causes tumor cell death and microvasculature collapse. Recently, new vascular mechanisms of PDT associated with opening of the blood–brain barrier (OBBB) and the activation of functions of the meningeal lymphatic vessels have been discovered. In this review, we highlight the emerging trends and future promises of immunotherapy for brain tumors and discuss PDT-OBBB as a new niche and an important informative platform for the development of innovative pharmacological strategies for the modulation of brain tumor immunity and the improvement of immunotherapy for GBM.RF Governmental GrantRSFRFBRPeer Reviewe

Experimental research on plasma destruction of bone tissue

The main condition in achieving a favorable outcome is surgical treatment of patients with tumor-like diseases and benign bone tumors erosion of neoplasm within the healthy tissues. To reduce the number of recurrences the various chemical and physical methods on resection areas have been performed. The authors have proposed a new method of low temperature plasma treatment of bone tissue with the temperature of 20000°C. Exposing the plasma flow on bone tissue leads to loss of all cellular elements including neoplastic elements with preservation of the mineral bone structure. The direct correlation between the capacity of the plasma flow and intensity of bone destruction has been defined. This allows a differentiated use of plasma destruction in skeletal bones according to anatomy, size and type of bone tissue (spongy or cortical) as well as patient's individual condition of the tissu

Phototherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease: Photostimulation of Brain Lymphatics during Sleep: A Systematic Review

The global number of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) doubles every 5 years. It has been established that unless an effective treatment for AD is found, the incidence of AD will triple by 2060. However, pharmacological therapies for AD have failed to show effectiveness and safety. Therefore, the search for alternative methods for treating AD is an urgent problem in medicine. The lymphatic drainage and removal system of the brain (LDRSB) plays an important role in resistance to the progression of AD. The development of methods for augmentation of the LDRSB functions may contribute to progress in AD therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered to be a non-pharmacological and safe approach for AD therapy. Here, we highlight the most recent and relevant studies of PBM for AD. We focus on emerging evidence that indicates the potential benefits of PBM during sleep for modulation of natural activation of the LDRSB at nighttime, providing effective removal of metabolites, including amyloid-β, from the brain, leading to reduced progression of AD. Our review creates a new niche in the therapy of brain diseases during sleep and sheds light on the development of smart sleep technologies for neurodegenerative diseases.RSFRF GovernmentalAcademic leadership program Priority 2030 proposed by the First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Peer Reviewe

Brain Waste Removal System and Sleep: Photobiomodulation as an Innovative Strategy for Night Therapy of Brain Diseases

Emerging evidence suggests that an important function of the sleeping brain is the removal of wastes and toxins from the central nervous system (CNS) due to the activation of the brain waste removal system (BWRS). The meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) are an important part of the BWRS. A decrease in MLV function is associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, intracranial hemorrhages, brain tumors and trauma. Since the BWRS is activated during sleep, a new idea is now being actively discussed in the scientific community: night stimulation of the BWRS might be an innovative and promising strategy for neurorehabilitation medicine. This review highlights new trends in photobiomodulation of the BWRS/MLVs during deep sleep as a breakthrough technology for the effective removal of wastes and unnecessary compounds from the brain in order to increase the neuroprotection of the CNS as well as to prevent or delay various brain diseases.RF GovernmentalRSFRFBRInnovation Fund of WNLO and Innovation Project of Optics Valley LaboratoryNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)Peer Reviewe

Photobiomodulation of lymphatic drainage and clearance: perspective strategy for augmentation of meningeal lymphatic functions

There is a hypothesis that augmentation of the drainage and clearing function of the meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing neurological diseases. Here we investigate mechanisms of photobiomodulation (PBM, 1267 nm) of lymphatic drainage and clearance. Our results obtained at optical coherence tomography (OCT) give strong evidence that low PBM doses (5 and 10 J/cm2) stimulate drainage function of the lymphatic vessels via vasodilation (OCT data on the mesenteric lymphatics) and stimulation of lymphatic clearance (OCT data on clearance of gold nanorods from the brain) that was supported by confocal imaging of clearance of FITC-dextran from the cortex via MLVs. We assume that PBM-mediated relaxation of the lymphatic vessels can be possible mechanisms underlying increasing the permeability of the lymphatic endothelium that allows molecules transported by the lymphatic vessels and explain PBM stimulation of lymphatic drainage and clearance. These findings open new strategies for the stimulation of MLVs functions and non-pharmacological therapy of brain diseases

Photodynamic opening of the blood-brain barrier using different photosensitizers in mice

In a series of previous studies, we demonstrated that the photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a widely used tool for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), also site-specifically opens the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in PDT-dose and age-related manner via reversible disorganization of the tight junction machinery. To develop the effective protocol of PDT-opening of the BBB, here we answer the question of what kind of photosensitizer (PS) is the most effective for the BBB opening. We studied the PDT-opening of the BBB in healthy mice using commercial photosensitizers (PSs) such as 5-aminolevulenic acid (5-ALA), aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and new synthetized PSs such as galactose functionalized ZnPc (GalZnPc). The spectrofluorimetric assay of Evans Blue albumin complex (EBAC) leakage and 3-D confocal imaging of FITC-dextran 70 kDa (FITCD) extravasation clearly shows a revisable and dose depended PDT-opening of the BBB toEBACand FITCD associated with a decrease in presence of tight junction (TJ) in the vascular endothelium. The PDT effects on the BBB permeability, TJ expression and the fluorescent signal from the brain tissues are more pronounced in PDT-GalZnPc vs. PDT-5-ALA/AlPcS/ZnPc. These pre-clinical data are the first important informative platform for an optimization of the PDT protocol in the light of new knowledge about PDT-opening of the BBB for drug brain delivery and for the therapy of brain diseases. © 2019 by the authors