The use of frames in knowledge-based systems : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science at Massey University

The general aim of this study was to investigate the use of frames as a means of representing knowledge in computer knowledge-based systems. This thesis examines the application of frames to two particular situations, the playing of an opening bid in Bridge, and the recognition of birds from field observations. The Frame Representation Language FRL was used in the implementation of the two different systems. Three aspects of frames are investigated the problems of matching two different frames; the problems of structuring frame systems for searching; and the problem of improving the interface between the frame system and the user of the knowldege base. A comparison is also made of frames with other methods of knowledge representation such as production systems and semantic networks. Finally, further areas of research into the use of frames are suggested such as the extension of frame matching, research into the aspects of knowledge representation and application of frames to specific problems

Alpha Multipliers Breadth-First Search Technique for Resource Discovery in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks

Resource discovery in unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is important in the field of grid computing. Breadth-first search (BFS) is widely used for resource discovery in unstructured P2P networks. The technique is proven to return as many search results as possible. However, the network cost of the technique is high due to the flooding of query messages that can degenerate the performance of the whole network. The objective of this study is to optimise the BFS technique, so that it will produce good search results without flooding the network with unnecessary walkers. Several resource discovery techniques used in unstructured P2P networks are discussed and categorised. P2P simulators that are used for P2P network experiments were studied in accordance to their characteristics such as, scalability, extensibility and support status. Several network topology generators were also scrutinised and selected in order to find out the most real-life like network generation model for unstructured P2P experiments. Multiple combinations of five-tuple alpha multipliers have been experimented to find out the best set to make -BFS. In our test, the -BFS increases the query efficiency of the conventional BFS from 55.67% to 63.15%

Multi-site rate control analysis identifies ribosomal scanning as the sole high-capacity/low-flux-control step in mRNA translation

Control of complex intracellular pathways such as protein synthesis is critical to organism survival, but is poorly understood. Translation of a reading frame in eukaryotic mRNA is preceded by a scanning process in which a subset of translation factors helps guide ribosomes to the start codon. Here, we perform comparative analysis of the control status of this scanning step that sits between recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit to the m7GpppG‐capped 5′end of mRNA and of the control exerted by downstream phases of polypeptide initiation, elongation and termination. We have utilized a detailed predictive model as guidance for designing quantitative experimental interrogation of control in the yeast translation initiation pathway. We have built a synthetic orthogonal copper‐responsive regulatory promoter (PCuR3) that is used here together with the tet07 regulatory system in a novel dual‐site in vivo rate control analysis strategy. Combining this two‐site strategy with calibrated mass spectrometry to determine translation factor abundance values, we have tested model‐based predictions of rate control properties of the in vivo system. We conclude from the results that the components of the translation machinery that promote scanning collectively function as a low‐flux‐control system with a capacity to transfer ribosomes into the core process of polypeptide production that exceeds the respective capacities of the steps of polypeptide initiation, elongation and termination. In contrast, the step immediately prior to scanning, that is, ribosome recruitment via the mRNA 5′ cap‐binding complex, is a high‐flux‐control step

Tracking the Fine Scale Movements of Fish using Autonomous Maritime Robotics: A Systematic State of the Art Review

This paper provides a systematic state of the art review on tracking the fine scale movements of fish with the use of autonomous maritime robotics. Knowledge of migration patterns and the localization of specific species of fish at a given time is vital to many aspects of conservation. This paper reviews these technologies and provides insight into what systems are being used and why. The review results show that a larger amount of complex systems that use a deep learning techniques are used over more simplistic approaches to the design. Most results found in the study involve Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, which generally require the most complex array of sensors. The results also provide insight into future research such as methods involving swarm intelligence, which has seen an increase in use in recent years. This synthesis of current and future research will be helpful to research teams working to create an autonomous vehicle with intentions to track, navigate or survey

A standard tag set expounding traditional morphological features for Arabic language part-of-speech tagging

The SALMA Morphological Features Tag Set (SALMA, Sawalha Atwell Leeds Morphological Analysis tag set for Arabic) captures long-established traditional morphological features of grammar and Arabic, in a compact yet transparent notation. First, we introduce Part-of-Speech tagging and tag set standards for English and other European languages, and then survey Arabic Part-of-Speech taggers and corpora, and long-established Arabic traditions in analysis of morphology. A range of existing Arabic Part-of-Speech tag sets are illustrated and compared; and we review generic design criteria for corpus tag sets. For a morphologically-rich language like Arabic, the Part-of-Speech tag set should be defined in terms of morphological features characterizing word structure. We describe the SALMA Tag Set in detail, explaining and illustrating each feature and possible values. In our analysis, a tag consists of 22 characters; each position represents a feature and the letter at that location represents a value or attribute of the morphological feature; the dash ‘-’ represents a feature not relevant to a given word. The first character shows the main Parts of Speech, from: noun, verb, particle, punctuation, and Other (residual); these last two are an extension to the traditional three classes to handle modern texts. ‘Noun’ in Arabic subsumes what are traditionally referred to in English as ‘noun’ and ‘adjective’. The characters 2, 3, and 4 are used to represent subcategories; traditional Arabic grammar recognizes 34 subclasses of noun (letter 2), 3 subclasses of verb (letter 3), 21 subclasses of particle (letter 4). Others (residuals) and punctuation marks are represented in letters 5 and 6 respectively. The next letters represent traditional morphological features: gender (7), number (8), person (9), inflectional morphology (10) case or mood (11), case and mood marks (12), definiteness (13), voice (14), emphasized and non-emphasized (15), transitivity (16), rational (17), declension and conjugation (18). Finally there are four characters representing morphological information which is useful in Arabic text analysis, although not all linguists would count these as traditional features: unaugmented and augmented (19), number of root letters (20), verb root (21), types of nouns according to their final letters (22). The SALMA Tag Set is not tied to a specific tagging algorithm or theory, and other tag sets could be mapped onto this standard, to simplify and promote comparisons between and reuse of Arabic taggers and tagged corpora

Eros is a novel transmembrane protein that controls the phagocyte respiratory burst and is essential for innate immunity

The phagocyte respiratory burst is crucial for innate immunity. The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane-bound heterodimer, comprising gp91$\textit{phox}$ and p22$\textit{phox}$ subunits. Deficiency of either subunit leads to severe immunodeficiency. We describe Eros (essential for reactive oxygen species), a protein encoded by the previously undefined mouse gene $\textit{bc017643}$, and show that it is essential for host defense via the phagocyte NAPDH oxidase. Eros is required for expression of the NADPH oxidase components, gp91$\textit{phox}$ and p22$\textit{phox}$. Consequently, $\textit{Eros}$-deficient mice quickly succumb to infection. $\textit{Eros}$ also contributes to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) and impacts on the immune response to melanoma metastases. $\textit{Eros}$ is an ortholog of the plant protein Ycf4, which is necessary for expression of proteins of the photosynthetic photosystem 1 complex, itself also an NADPH oxio-reductase. We thus describe the key role of the previously uncharacterized protein Eros in host defense.D.C. Thomas was funded by a Wellcome Trust/CIMR Next Generation Fellowship, a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Lectureship, and a Starter Grant for Clinical Lecturers (Academy of Medical Sciences). K.G.C. Smith was funded by funded by the Medical Research Council (program grant MR/L019027) and is a Wellcome Investigator and a NIHR Senior Investigator. S. Clare and G. Dougan were funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 098051). The Cambridge Institute for Medical Research is in receipt of a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (079895). J.C.L is funded by a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship 105920/2/14/2

Tag based models of English text

The problem of compressing English text is important both because of the ubiquity of English as a target for compression and because of the light that compression can shed on the structure of English. English text is examined in conjunction with additional information about the parts of speech of each word in the text (these are referred to as “tags”). It is shown that the tags plus the text can be compressed more than the text alone. Essentially the tags can be compressed for nothing or even a small net saving in size. A comparison is made of a number of different ways of integrating compression of tags and text using an escape mechanism similar to PPM. These are also compared with standard word based and character based compression programs. The result is that the tag character and word based schemes always outperform the character based schemes. Overall, the tag based schemes outperform the word based schemes. We conclude by conjecturing that tags chosen for compression rather than linguistic purposes would perform even better

Artificial Intelligence - Agent Behaviour

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