A splenic hydatid cyst in young female: a case report

Splenic hydatid disease is a rare kind of hydatid disease, accounting for less than 8% of cases in humans. Here we present a case of 23 years old female patient came to hospital with chief complaints of pain radiating to left quadrant in the last 2 years and cough with sputum and nausea and admitted in the hospital for further evaluation. CT chest shows cystic mass in the left hypochondrium lateral to the stomach compressing the stomach, later did CT abdomen which clearly indicates the spleen is enlarged in size with well-defined hypodense non enhancing unilocular cystic lesion measuring 13×13×11 cm (CC×AP×TR) in the upper and mid poles

A study on assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of premenstrual syndrome among female in urban area

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a significant clinical disorder affecting a substantial percentage of women. This study aims to investigate the existence, knowledge, and attitude of female students towards PMS. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, with 250 female participants between the ages of 18 to 30 years. The participants completed a self-reporting menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) and a standardized health questionnaire to assess the prevalence and severity of premenstrual symptoms and also to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of PMS for subjective perceptions of health, stress, lifestyle, and demographic variables. The questionnaire was set in four parts, one each to assess the knowledge, the attitude, and practices regarding PMS and one to assess the gap between self-perceived PMS and actual PMS. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results revealed that 80% of the participants reported experiencing PMS, but only 48% met the criteria defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). The most common symptoms reported were irritability, mood swings, headache, fatigue, and menstrual cramps. PMS had a significant impact on participants’ normal life, with 60.4% reporting disturbances in their routine. While 51.2% believed that PMS/menstrual leave should be an option at universities, only 39.2% supported the idea at the workplace. Conclusions: Surprisingly, over 60% of participants did nothing to relieve their PMS symptoms. So, there is a significant impact of PMS in the lives of urban women and it is also a common problem all over the globe. The study underscores the need for increased awareness and education about PMS and its management, as well as the importance of promoting a stress-free environment to mitigate its impact on women’s quality of life

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MECLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING SOLID DISPERSION METHOD

The present research is aimed to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000 as solid dispersions carriers on the solubility and dissolution rate of Meclizine hydrochloride. In this, meclizine hydrochloride solid dispersions were prepared using solvent evaporation method and evaluated for solubility studies, drug-carrier compatibility studies and in vitro dissolution studies. Formulations F4 and F8 were selected to prepare the tablets and compared with control tablets (conventional tablets using pure drug). From the in vitro dissolution studies, tablets containing polyethylene glycol 6000 showed almost complete drug release within the 20 min. The percent drug release in 20 min (Q20) and initial dissolution rate for formulation F8 was 99.26±1.62%, 4.96%/min. These were very much higher compared to control tablets (44.67±1.48 %, 2.23%/min). The relative dissolution rate was found to be 2.22 and dissolution efficiency was found to be 57.94 and it is increased by 3.0 fold with F8 formulation when compared to control tablets (22.05). In conclusion, formulation of the meclizine hydrochloride-polyethylene glycol solid dispersions is a suitable approach to improve the solubility and dissolution rate.    Key Words: Dissolution efficiency, Initial dissolution rate, Polyethylene glycol, Relative dissolution rate, Solubility

Use of the liquisolid compact technique for improvement of the dissolution rate of valsartan

The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug valsartan by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact. Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as solvent, Avicel PH102 as carrier, and Aerosil 200 as the coating material. The crystallinity of the newly formulated drug and the interaction between excipients was examined by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The dissolution studies for the liquisolid formulation and the marketed product were carried out at different pH values. The results showed no change in the crystallinity of the drug and no interaction between excipients. The dissolution efficiency of valsartan at 15 min was increased from 4.02% for plain drug and 13.58% for marketed product to 29.47% for the liquisolid formulation. The increase in the dissolution rate was also found to be significant compared to the marketed product at lower pH values, simulating the gastric environment where valsartan is largely absorbed. The liquisolid technique appears to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like valsartan

A Prospective Study on Thyroid Dysfunction and Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnant Women

Negative pregnancy outcomes have been linked to hypothyroidism that is not appropriately managed. Pregnancy increases the need for thyroid hormone, and many women with pre-existing hypothyroidism require higher thyroid hormone dosages in the 1st trimester. A primary cause of maternal and fetal morbidity, hypertension affects 5 to 10% of all pregnancies and is more severe when it results into preeclampsia. We have aimed for a comprehensive study of hypothyroidism and hypertension. With objectives like highlighting the most developed disorder, complications and risk factors. Finally focus on management approach.   Keywords: Hypertension, hypothyroidism, complications, risk factors, TSH, FT3, FT4

Management and Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: A therapeutical Approach

A major worldwide health issue is the persistent transmission of the chronic form of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from mothers to their unborn children (MTCT) during the perinatal period. In endemic areas, HBV infection occurs mainly during infancy and early childhood, with MTCT accounting for approximately half of the transmission routes of chronic HBV infections. Prevention of MTCT is an important step in reducing the global burden of chronic HBV. In addition to such considerations regarding the transmission of HBV to the child, the combination of HBV infection and pregnancy raises several unique management issues. Up to 9% of newborns still acquire HBV infection, especially from mothers who have the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), despite routine passive-active immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the hepatitis B vaccine. The failure of passive-active immunoprophylaxis in newborns, the impact and requirement of routine hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) injections to mothers, the safety of antiviral prophylaxis, and the safety of nursing are some of the complications associated with managing HBV infection throughout pregnancy. Chronic HBV infection during pregnancy is usually but may flare after delivery. These unresolved issues are highlighted in this review and we aim to an optimal approach to the management of preventing MTCT of HBV infection. Keywords: Hepatitis B, perinatal period transmission, immunoprophylaxis, breastfeeding, viremia

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the buildup of fat in the liver, and it is not caused by excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD is highly prevalent, affecting approximately 30% of the population in developed countries and around 10% in developing nations. As a result, NAFLD has become the most prevalent liver condition worldwide. The development of NAFLD is closely linked to insulin resistance, making it common among individuals who have central obesity or diabetes. Insulin resistance and excess body fat contribute to a higher influx of lipids into the liver and an increased production of new fats within the liver, known as de novo hepatic lipogenesis. These processes ultimately lead to the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, a characteristic feature of NAFLD. NAFLD is closely associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, and individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and its related complications. While cardiovascular disease and extra hepatic malignancy are the leading causes of death in people with NAFLD, the presence of advanced liver fibrosis is a significant indicator of liver-related outcomes and overall mortality. Non-invasive tests that combine various methods can be used to assess the extent of liver fibrosis. Patients diagnosed with cirrhosis should undergo screenings for hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer) and esophageal varices. Currently, there are no approved therapies for NAFLD; however, there are several drugs in advanced stages of development that show promise for future treatment options. Keywords: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Weight management, Bariatric surgery,  Metabolic surgery, Conservative therapy

STORAGE CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES

<p><i>Vaccines are the biological preparations which are considered as the most economical and effective preventive step against the most contagious, non-contagious deadly infectious diseases. Vaccine contains a particle/agent that provides protection against infection by activating the immune system or on subsequent exposure to a pathogen. Due to the pandemics prone to the world from ancient times different types of vaccines are designed based on requirement and administered in to human body to teach immune system how to fight off with foreign particles or pathogens. This review includes the detailed information of the vaccines, importance of vaccines, stability and storage conditions of vaccines. Vaccines has its own stability issues which are caused by light, heat, radiation, changes in environment, reactions with container or with other components in the mixture which must be considered during development, storage, transport. A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain used to maintain the vaccine stability problems during its storage. Any fluctuation in temperatures during manufacturing, transporting, it results in decrease in vaccine potency and increase in risk of vaccine preventable diseases.</i></p&gt

Solubility and dissolution enhancement of flurbiprofen by solid dispersion using hydrophilic carriers

<div><p>ABSTRACT The intent of the current work is to study the effect of polyethylene glycol 8000 and polyethylene glycol 10000 as hydrophilic carriers on dissolution behaviour of flurbiprofen. In the present study, solvent evaporation method was used to prepare flurbiprofen solid dispersions and evaluated for physico-chemical properties, drug-carrier compatibility studies and dissolution behaviour of drug. Solubility studies showed more solubility in higher pH values and formulations SD4 and SD8 were selected to prepare the fast dissolving tablets. FTIR and DSC study showed no interaction and drug was dispersed molecularly in hydrophilic carrier. XRD studies revealed that there was change in the crystallinity of the drug. The results of In vitro studies showed SD8 formulation confer significant improvement (p<0.05) in drug release, Q20 was 99.08±1.35% compared to conventional and marketed tablets (47.31±0.74% and 56.86±1.91%). The mean dissolution time (MDT) was reduced to 8.79 min compared to conventional and marketed tablets (25.76 and 22.22 min.) indicating faster drug release. The DE (% dissolution efficiency) was increased by 2.5 folds (61.63%) compared to conventional tablets (23.71%). From the results, it is evident that polyethylene glycol solid dispersions in less carrier ratio may enhance the solubility and there by improve the dissolution rate of flurbiprofen.</p></div