Erratum: Quantitative atomic spectroscopy for primary thermometry [Phys. Rev. A 83, 033805 (2011)]

Original article was published with a typographical error in Eq. (4) on p. 6, in Physical Review A, 2011; 83(3):033805-1-033805-9.Gar-Wing Truong, Eric F. May, Thomas M. Stace, and André N. Luite

Raman phonon emission in a driven double quantum dot

The compound semiconductor gallium-arsenide (GaAs) provides an ultra-clean platform for storing and manipulating quantum information, encoded in the charge or spin states of electrons confined in nanostructures. The absence of inversion symmetry in the zinc-blende crystal structure of GaAs however, results in a strong piezoelectric interaction between lattice acoustic phonons and qubit states with an electric dipole, a potential source of decoherence during charge-sensitive operations. Here we report phonon generation in a GaAs double quantum dot, configured as a single- or two-electron charge qubit, and driven by the application of microwaves via surface gates. In a process that is a microwave analogue of the Raman effect, phonon emission produces population inversion of the two-level system and leads to rapid decoherence of the qubit when the microwave energy exceeds the level splitting. Comparing data with a theoretical model suggests that phonon emission is a sensitive function of the device geometry

Experimental Controlled-NOT Logic Gate for Single Photons in the Coincidence Basis

We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of a probabilistic controlled-NOT gate for single photons. Single-photon control and target qubits were mixed with a single ancilla photon in a device constructed using only linear optical elements. The successful operation of the controlled-NOT gate relied on post-selected three-photon interference effects which required the detection of the photons in the output modes.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; minor change

Structure of 2D Topological Stabilizer Codes

We provide a detailed study of the general structure of two-dimensional topological stabilizer quantum error correcting codes, including subsystem codes. Under the sole assumption of translational invariance, we show that all such codes can be understood in terms of the homology of string operators that carry a certain topological charge. In the case of subspace codes, we prove that two codes are equivalent under a suitable set of local transformations if and only they have equivalent topological charges. Our approach emphasizes local properties of the codes over global ones.Comment: 54 pages, 11 figures, version accepted in journal, improved presentation and result

Mineral deficiency and the presence of Pinus sylvestris on mires during the mid- to late Holocene: Palaeoecological data from Cadogan's Bog, Mizen Peninsula, Co. Cork, southwest Ireland

Pollen records across parts of Ireland, England and northern Scotland show a dramatic collapse in Pinus pollen percentages at approximately 4000 radiocarbon years BP. This phenomenon has attracted much palaeoecological interest and several hypotheses have been put forward to account for this often synchronous and rapid reduction in pine from mid-Holocene woodland. Explanations for the 'pine decline' include prehistoric human activity, climatic change, in particular a substantial increase in precipitation resulting in increased mire wetness, and airborne pollution associated with the deposition of tephra. Hitherto, one largely untested hypothesis is that mineral deficiency could adversely affect pine growth and regeneration on mire surfaces. The discovery of pine-tree remains (wood pieces, stumps and trunks) within a peat located at Cadogan's Bog on the Mizen Peninsula, southwest Ireland, provided an opportunity to investigate the history of Pinus sylvestris and also to assess the importance of mineral nutrition in maintaining pine growth on mires. Pollen, plant macrofossils, microscopic charcoal and geochemical data are presented from a radiocarbon dated monolith extracted from this peat together with tree ring-width data and radiocarbon dated age estimates from subfossil wood. Analyses of these data suggest that peat accumulation commenced at the site around 6000 years BP when pine was the dominant local tree. Thereafter Pinus pollen percentages diminish in two stages, with the second decline taking place around 4160 ± 50 years BP. Concomitant with this decline in Pinus pollen, there is a noticeable, short-lived increase in wet-loving mire taxa and a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron and zinc. These results suggest that increased mire surface wetness, possibly the result of a change in climate, created conditions unsuitable for pine growth c. 4000 years BP. Mire surface wetness, coupled with a period of associated nutrient deficiency, appears to be a possible explanation for a lack of subsequent pine-seedling establishment for most of the later Holocene

Loops and Strings in a Superconducting Lattice Gauge Simulator

We propose an architecture for an analog quantum simulator of electromagnetism in 2+1 dimensions, based on an array of superconducting fluxonium devices. The encoding is in the integer (spin-1) representation of the quantum link model formulation of compact U(1) lattice gauge theory. We show how to engineer Gauss' law via an ancilla mediated gadget construction, and how to tune between the strongly coupled and intermediately coupled regimes. The witnesses to the existence of the predicted confining phase of the model are provided by nonlocal order parameters from Wilson loops and disorder parameters from 't Hooft strings. We show how to construct such operators in this model and how to measure them nondestructively via dispersive coupling of the fluxonium islands to a microwave cavity mode. Numerical evidence is found for the existence of the confined phase in the ground state of the simulation Hamiltonian on a ladder geometry

An electrochemical model of the transport of charged molecules through the capillary glycocalyx.

An electrochemical theory of the glycocalyx surface layer on capillary endothelial cells is developed as a model to study the electrochemical dynamics of anionic molecular transport within capillaries. Combining a constitutive relationship for electrochemical transport, derived from Fick's and Ohm's laws, with the conservation of mass and Gauss's law from electrostatics, a system of three nonlinear, coupled, second-order, partial, integro-differential equations is obtained for the concentrations of the diffusing anionic molecules and the cations and anions in the blood. With the exception of small departures from electroneutrality that arise locally near the apical region of the glycocalyx, the model assumes that cations in the blood counterbalance the fixed negative charges bound to the macromolecular matrix of the glycocalyx in equilibrium. In the presence of anionic molecular tracers injected into the capillary lumen, the model predicts the size- and charge-dependent electrophoretic mobility of ions and tracers within the layer. In particular, the model predicts that anionic molecules are excluded from the glycocalyx at equilibrium and that the extent of this exclusion, which increases with increasing tracer and/or glycocalyx electronegativity, is a fundamental determinant of anionic molecular transport through the layer. The model equations were integrated numerically using a Crank-Nicolson finite-difference scheme and Newton-Raphson iteration. When the concentration of the anionic molecular tracer is small compared with the concentration of ions in the blood, a linearized version of the model can be obtained and solved as an eigenvalue problem. The results of the linear and nonlinear models were found to be in good agreement for this physiologically important case. Furthermore, if the fixed-charge density of the glycocalyx is of the order of the concentration of ions in the blood, or larger, or if the magnitude of the anionic molecular valence is large, a closed-form asymptotic solution for the diffusion time can be obtained from the eigenvalue problem that compares favorably with the numerical solution. In either case, if leakage of anionic molecules out of the capillary occurs, diffusion time is seen to vary exponentially with anionic valence and in inverse proportion to the steady-state anionic tracer concentration in the layer relative to the lumen. These findings suggest several methods for obtaining an estimate of the glycocalyx fixed-charge density in vivo

Wave-front curvature in optical atomic beam clocks

Atomic clocks provide a reproducible basis for our understanding of time and frequency. Recent demonstrations of compact optical clocks, employing thermal atomic beams, have achieved short-term fractional frequency instabilities of order 10−16, competitive with the best international frequency standards available. However, a serious challenge inherent in compact clocks is the necessarily smaller optical beams, which results in rapid variation in interrogating wave fronts. This can cause inhomogeneous excitation of the thermal beam leading to long-term drifts in the output frequency. Here we develop a model for Ramsey-Bordé interferometry using optical fields with curved wave fronts and simulate the 40Ca beam clock experiment described by Olson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 073202 (2019)]. The results of Olson et al. showed surprising and unexplained behavior in the response of the atoms in the interrogation. Our model predicts signals consistent with experimental data and can account for the significant sensitivity to laser geometry that was reported. We find the signal-to-noise ratio is maximized when the laser is uncollimated at the interrogation zones to minimize inhomogeneity and also identify an optimal waist size determined by both laser inhomogeneity and the velocity distribution of the atomic beam. We investigate the shifts and stability of the clock frequency, showing that the Gouy phase is the primary source of frequency variations arising from laser geometry.A. Strathearn, R. F. Offer, A. P. Hilton, E. Klantsataya, A. N. Luiten, R. P. Anderson, B. M. Sparkes, and T. M. Stac