Feedback control of unstable cellular solidification fronts

We present a numerical and experimental study of feedback control of unstable cellular patterns in directional solidification (DS). The sample, a dilute binary alloy, solidifies in a 2D geometry under a control scheme which applies local heating close to the cell tips which protrude ahead of the other. For the experiments, we use a real-time image processing algorithm to track cell tips, coupled with a movable laser spot array device, to heat locally. We show, numerically and experimentally, that spacings well below the threshold for a period-doubling instability can be stabilized. As predicted by the numerical calculations, cellular arrays become stable, and the spacing becomes uniform through feedback control which is maintained with minimal heating.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Triple molybdates one-, one - and three(two)valence metals

The authors thank Ph. D. M. K. Alibaeva, Ph. D. I. A. Gudkova and Ph. D. I. V. Korolkova for participation in the research.The review summarizes experimental data on the phase formation, structure and properties of new complex oxide compounds group - triple molybdates containing tetrahedral molybdate ion, two different singly charged cation, together with tri- or divalent cation. The several structural families of these compounds were distinguished and it shown that many of them are of interest as luminescent, laser, ion-conducting or nonlinear optical materials.The work is executed at partial support of the Russian Foundation for basic research (projects No. 08-03-00384, 13-03-01020 and 14-03-00298)

Using Shewhart charts to monitor quality characteristics of preventive vaccines for tuberculosis

Scientific relevance. The quality of medicinal products, particularly vaccines, is contingent on the stability of the manufacturing process at all stages, which can be evaluated using Shewhart charts for data obtained by monitoring the quality attributes of interest.Aim. This study evaluated the stability of the quality and manufacturing processes of the BCG and BCG-M tuberculosis vaccines using Shewhart charts.Materials and methods. This study focused on samples of the BCG tuberculosis vaccine and the BCG-M tuberculosis vaccine, a less reactogenic alternative for primary immunisation. Both vaccines were released to the market in 2019–2022. The quality of samples was assessed for stability based on their potency and total bacterial count, which are the key parameters for immunogenicity evaluation. These quality parameters were compared using test results submitted by the manufacturer and obtained at the testing centre. The authors plotted individuals charts (X-charts) and moving range charts (R-charts) in accordance with national standards GOST R 50779.42-99 and GOST R ISO 7870-2-2015.Results. The quality of the BCG and BCG-M vaccines remained stable during the entire follow-up period (2019–2022). For some periods, the retrospective analysis of R- and X-charts revealed characteristic trends meeting special cause criteria. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the data submitted by the manufacturer and the data obtained at the testing centre ranged from 0.2 to 0.8.Conclusions. The Shewhart charts demonstrated that the quality parameters of the BCG and BCG-M tuberculosis vaccines tested in 2019–2022 were stable. These vaccines had stable manufacturing processes, as shown by the R- and X-charts. However, the warning signs indicated that additional measures should be taken to standardise the manufacturing processes. The findings suggest that Shewhart charts may be recommended for monitoring the production and quality of tuberculosis vaccines

Specific Aspects of Tuberculin Products Standardisation

According to the existing international practice, reference materials, which are used to assess specific activity of purified tuberculin products, are meant to be used for several decades and are therefore characterised by high stability. For instance, PPD-S tuberculin produced in the USA in 1944 has been used ever since as the international reference standard of purified tuberculin and is stored as lyophilisate in ampoules (PPDT) containing 5000 IU each. The Russian PPD-L-2 industry reference standard is made from material produced by the Leningrad Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera in 1973. It has been used for many years to control production batches of PPD-L purified tuberculin because of its high stability that is regularly confirmed in large-scale studies using various experimental models in accordance with the requirements of the World Health Organisation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term stability of the substance of industry reference standard of purified tuberculin (PPD-L-2 IRS) by determining its specific activity relative to the international standard of purified tuberculin, and determine the feasibility of using this substance for the preparation of lyophilised reference product samples. Materials and methods: PPD-L-2 IRS specific activity was determined relative to the PPDT international standard in accordance with the procedure specified in the monograph FS.3.3.1.0023.15 of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation (14 edition) using guinea pigs vaccinated with various BCG substrains or sensitized by virulent mycobacteria («live» or «inactivated») in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO (WHO TRS 45, 1987). Results: the analysis of the obtained data showed that there were 3–4-fold differences in PPD-L-2 IRS relative potency depending on the BCG substrain used for guinea pigs vaccination (animal sensitization model). This effect of the titration model manifested itself when comparing specific activity of tuberculins obtained by various methods of tuberculoprotein precipitation (PPD-L-2 and PPDT), i.e. different in antigen composition. The specific activity of the previously established dose of PPD-L-2 IRS was shown to be equivalent to the international reference standard in animals sensitized with mycobacteria tuberculosis. Conclusions: the results of PPD-L-2 IRS specific activity assessment obtained in this study are consistent with the data obtained during development and certification of this reference material in the 1980s and confirm the long-term stability of the intermediate powder product of the Russian reference standard of purified tuberculin. At the same time, the production of a freeze-dried form of the IRS, in addition to being economically feasible, would rule out some potential errors that are inevitable during annual preparation and control of the reference standard dilutions, and would make it possible to spare the substance which would improve prospects for the future long-term use of PPD-L as an industry reference standard

Advertising as a form of active promotion in the sphere of spiritual and health-improving work

Given a presentation about advertising as a form of propaganda in the sphere of physical culture and health work. Showing types of advertising.Дано представление о рекламе, как форме пропаганды в сфере физкультурно-оздоровительной работы. Показаны виды рекламы

Stability of the Industrial Reference Standard of Tuberculosis Vaccine (BCG)

The industrial reference standard of tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine (IRS), certified and registered by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (OSO 42-28-420), is used as a reference product in quality control of tuberculosis vaccines BCG and BCG-M. The IRS is a useful means of quality control of these products, as the stability of its proper ties helps to minimise errors during quality evaluation. The shelf life of the BCG vaccine IRS is not more than 2 years if stored at 2–8 °C. It is likely that a vaccine batch could be used as the IRS for a longer period of time. The literature data suggest that the shelf life of a BCG vaccine can be prolonged if it is stored at low temperatures. However, due to significant phenotypic and genotypic differences between BCG sub-strains, the extrapolation of these data to the vaccine produced from the Russian Mycobacterium bovis BCG-I sub-strain requires appropriate testing. The aim of the study was to analyse the possibility of increasing the shelf life of the tuberculosis vaccine IRS by changing the storage temperature. Materials and methods: the effect of low temperatures on the stability of OSO 42-28-420 was studied in commercial batches of tuberculosis vaccine which met all the quality requirements for candidate IRSs. Samples from 6 IRS batches produced from 2014 through 2019 were stored at –(20 ± 1) °С. The stability of their quality characteristics, namely “Specific activity (viability)”, “Total bacterial count”, and “Dispersibility”, was monitored according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. The obtained data were evaluated relative to the baseline data obtained during certification of each batch. Results: it was demonstrated that there was more than 95 percent probability that the tested parameters would not differ from the initial data if OSO 42-28-420 samples were stored at a low temperature for 5 years. Conclusions: the results obtained support the prolongation of the OSO 42-28-420 shelf life up to 4 years under the recommended storage conditions at –(20 ± 1) °С

Especially the use of massage in various sports

Revealed features using various massage techniques in the sport. Disclosed the history of the use of massage treatments.Раскрыты особенности использования различных приемов массажа в спорте. Раскрыта история применения массажных процедур