Foreign trade and marketing processes in the context of sustainable development

Purpose: The article aims to study foreign economic and trade relations between the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the CIS and the Western European countries. In addition, the study improves forms of foreign economic cooperation between the countries and suggests the stages of its implementation in the integration group. Design/Methodology/Approach: Central and Eastern European countries are experiencing the increase and acceleration of the labour migration to Western European countries, which has a negative impact on their medium-and long-term development. As a theoretical and methodological basis, the article uses historical-logical, dialectical principles and contradictions, the method of the scientific abstraction. The process-system approach, which was used in the study of foreign economic relations between the partner countries, gained special importance in the argument of the need to implement stages. Findings: Authors presented the form of the foreign economic cooperation between the countries as the geostrategic economic block and the stages of its implementation. As the study shows, these stages will help to smooth out the economic inequality between the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and Western European countries. Practical implications: In practice, authors investigate the phased implementation of the geostrategic economic bloc form, which will reduce inequality between the partner countries of the European Union. Originality/Value: The economic inequality between developed and developing countries of the European Union is increasing every year, which can lead to the transformation of the integration group, so it is necessary to develop new forms and mechanisms of foreign economic relations between the partner countries.peer-reviewe

Huntington’s disease modeling on HEK293 cell line

Huntington’s disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first exon of HTT gene. The mutant HTT protein has an elongated polyglutamine tract and forms aggregates in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the striatal neurons. The pathological processes occurring in the medium spiny neurons of Huntington’s disease patients lead to neurodegeneration and consequently to the death. The molecular mechanisms of the pathology development are difficult to study due to the limited material availability and late onset of the manifestation. Therefore, one of the important tasks is generation of an in vitro model system of Huntington’s disease based on human cell cultures. The new genome editing approaches, such as CRISPR/Cas9, allow us to generate isogenic cell lines that can be useful for drug screening and studying mechanisms of molecular and cellular events triggered by certain mutation on an equal genetic background. Here, we investigated the viability and proliferative rate of several mutant HEK293 cell clones with mutations in the first exon of HTT gene. The mutant clones were obtained earlier using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. We showed that mutant cells partially reproduce the pathological phenotype, that is, they have reduced proliferation activity, an increased level of apoptosis and high sensitivity to treatment with 5μM MG132 proteasome inhibitor compared to the original HEK293 Phoenix cell line. Our results indicate that the mutation in the first exon of HTT gene affects not only neurons, but also other types of cells, and HEK293 cell clones bearing the mutation can serve as in vitro model for studying some mechanisms of HTT functioning

Cholera in Azov area

The purpose of research is analysis of clinical course and treatment results of patients with cholera in the Azov area. Materials and methods. During the period from 29.05.2011 to 19.08.2011 33 cases of cholera (32 adults and 1 child) and 25 vibrio carriers (22 adults and 3 children), which were caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholera El Tor serogroup O1 Ogawa. Results. Likely factors of disease transmission in Mariupol are sea and river water, and the fish that were caught in the waters of the city. Typical and watery diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain and lack of normal body temperature, dehydration syndrome, characterized clinical cholera for adults in most cases. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 6,6 days. At 46.9% observed atypical symptoms in 10 (31,3%) – abdominal pain (1 patient cramping in 7 cases, localized in the epigastria region, at 2-over stomach). In 5 patients (15,6%) had an increase in body temperature to 37,2–37,7 degrees Celsius. In 15 (46,9%) patients had severe nausea accompanied by vomiting. Easy for cholera was observed in 1 (3.1%), moderate – in 14 (43,8%), heavy – in 17 (53,1%) patients. Dehydration I level is set at 4 (12,5%), II – from 6 (18,7%), III – in 18 (56,3%), IV – 4 (12,5%) patients. Cholera outbreak was characterized by a predominance of severe disease and severe dehydration (III and IV), which was observed in 68.8% of patients. The decisive factor in the treatment of cholera patients was initiated in a timely manner rehydration therapy, in particular the introduction of the solution «Trisol». Against the background of rehydration therapy hyperkalaemia was observed in 9,4% of cases, vascular rehydration at 9,4%, the cell rehydration in 3,1% of patients. Fatal accidents cholera outbreaks have not been observed. Conclusion. Clinical diagnosis of cholera and the provision of medical care in the prehospital phase were poor, indicating the need for systematic conducting training seminars among experts of ambulance, as well as doctors of primary medical network. Cholera hospitals (or base hospitals) must be equipped with a mobile diagnostics (ultrasound, X-rays) and modern laboratory equipment. The required list of drug supply cholera hospitals should be expanded in view of possible complications and comorbidities

Варианты снижения лучевой и йодной нагрузки при МСКТ-аортографии перед хирургическим вмешательством на аорте и аортальном клапане

Objective. The comparison of protocols of computed tomography (CT) angiography of the aorta and their modification in conditions of radiation and iodine load reducing on the patient.Methods. In 95 patients (57 men, 38 women, mean age 61.4 ± 15.6 years) CT angiography of the aorta was performed using two- and three-zone scanning protocols with the voltage value on the X-ray tube (80 and 100kV) depending on the anthropometric measure namely body mass index (BMI). We compared dose length product parameters (DLP), effective dose (E), time and duration of scanning, as well as counting the amount of injected contrast agent (CM) between groups examined using a two-zone and three-zone protocols at an X-ray tube voltage of 80 and 100kV.Results. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the DLP and E values were statistically significantly lower with the CT angiography of the aorta protocol, which consisted of three scanning zones (at 80kV p = 0.008; at 100kV p < 0.001). At the same time, there was no significant difference in the length of the study area in groups with the same voltage on the X-ray tube (p = 0.55), in the group with a three-zone protocol, the scanning time was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and amounted to 9.4 ± 0.5 sec/10.24 ± 0.9 sec (80/100kV), which made it possible to significantly reduce radiation exposure up to 40% and the amount of injected contrast agent by 20%.Conclusions. The use of a three-zone CT-angiography of the aorta protocol with individual selection of voltage of the X-ray tube is justified and allows a significant reduction of radiation and iodine exposure compared to twozone scanning while maintaining the high images quality.Цель исследования: cравнение протоколов МСКТ-аортографии с кардиосинхронизацией и их модификация для снижения лучевой и йодной нагрузки на пациента.Материал и методы. В ФГБНУ “Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского” была выполнена МСКТ-аортография 95 пациентам (57 мужчин и 38 женщин, средний возраст составил 61,4 ± 15,6 года) с использованием протоколов двух- и трехзонного сканирования и выбором значения напряжения на рентгеновской трубке (80 и 100 kV) в зависимости от антропометрических характеристик пациента, а именно индекса массы тела (ИМТ). Были проведены сравнение параметров DLP (Dose Length Product, произведение дозы на длину) – поглощенная доза за все МСКТ-исследование с учетом протяженности области сканирования и количества повторных сканирований), эффективной дозы (Е), времени и протяженности сканирования, а также подсчет количества вводимого контрастного препарата между группами, обследованными с применением двух- и трехзонного протокола при напряжении на рентгеновской трубке 80 и 100 kV.Результаты. Анализ полученных данных показал, что значения DLP и E были статистически достоверно ниже при использовании протокола МСКТ-аортографии, состоящего из трех зон сканирования (при 80 kV p = 0,008, при 100 kV р < 0,001). При этом отсутствовала достоверная разница протяженности области исследования в группах с одинаковым напряжением на рентгеновской трубке (р = 0,55), в группе с трехзонным протоколом время сканирования было достоверно ниже (р < 0,001) и составляло 9,4 ± 0,5 с / 10,24 ± 0,9 с (80 kV / 100 kV), что позволило существенно снизить лучевую нагрузку (до 40%) и объем вводимого контрастного препарата (на 20%).Заключение. Использование трехзонного протокола МСКТ-аортографии с индивидуальным выбором напряжения на рентгеновской трубке оправданно и позволяет значительно снизить лучевую и йодную нагрузку в сравнении с двухзонным cканированием при сохранении высокого качества получаемых изображений

“Сверхбыстрая” МСКТ-аортография: реальность и перспектива

Objective: to carried out the comparison of the data of MDCT of the patients, undergoing screening using the standard protocol MDCT aortography and FLASH “fast” protocol of scanning. It is discussed the possibility of the reduction of the injected amount of the contrast agent for “fast” aortography.Materials and methods. The aorta examinations of 101 patients (69 men (68%) and 32 women (32%); the average age ± the standard deviation – 56.34 ± 11.5 years) were analyzed. The examinations have been carried out on MDCT with two sources of Х-ray (DSCT); 48 patients have been undergone the examination using “fast” FLASH scanning. It has been compared the scanning time, the length of the examination zone and ED (Effective Dose) load calculated for the groups for the standard and “fast” MDCT aortography.Results. CDTIvol and DLP values were statistically proved lower (p < 0.001) at the examination of the patients that had been undergone “fast” protocol of scanning FLASH. The average ED was considerably lower in this group of the patients in comparison with the patients that had been examined using standard protocol (4.36 ± 1.69 mSv and 15.12 ± 4.62 mSv, р < 0.001). Without the reliable difference in the length of the examination zone in groups (42.91 ± 3.23 cm and 43.68 ± 2.66 cm, p = 0.55), the duration of the examination of MDCT aorta was considerably lower in the second group (9.29 ± 0.85s and 1.93 ± 0.12 s, p < 0.001). Conclusion. The method of the superfast aorta МDCT make it possible to reduce ED and the amount of the injected contrast agent at the examination of the vast zone. At the same time, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the MDCT remains high.Цель исследования: сравнение данных мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии  (МСКТ) аорты у пациентов, проходивших обследование по стандартному протоколу МСКТ- аортографии и протоколу “быстрого” FLASH-сканирования.Материал и методы. Проанализированы исследования аорты у 101 пациента (69 (68%)  мужчин и 32 (32%) женщины; средний возраст ± стандартное отклонение – 56,34 ± 11,5  года), которые выполнены на МСК-томографе с двумя источниками рентгеновского излучения; 48 пациентам исследование проведено по протоколу “быстрого” FLASH- сканирования. Выполнено сравнение времени сканирования, протяженности зоны исследования и лучевой нагрузки, рассчитанных для групп со стандартным и  “быстрым” протоколом МСКТ-аортографии.Результаты. Значения CDTIvol и DLP были статистически достоверно (p < 0,001) ниже в  группе исследований, проведенных у пациентов с использованием “быстрого” протокола  сканирования “FLASH”. Средняя эффективная доза в этой же группе пациентов была значительно ниже, чем у обследуемых по стандартному протоколу МСКТ аорты (4,36 ± 1,69 мЗв и 15,12 ± 4,62 мЗв, р < 0,001). При отсутствии достоверной разницы по протяженности зоны исследования в группах (42,91 ± 3,23 см и 43,68 ± 2,66 см, p = 0,55)  время проведения исследования МСКТ торакоабдоминальной аорты было значительно ниже  в группе с “быстрым” протоколом МСКТ- аортографии (9,29 ± 0,85 с и 1,93 ± 0,12 с, p < 0,001).Заключение. Метод “сверхбыстрой” МСКТ аорты позволяет при большом покрытии  исследуемой области снизить лучевую нагрузку и объем вводимого контрастного вещества.  При этом качественный и количественный анализ МСКТ аорты остается на высоком уровне

Data on gut metagenomes of the patients with Helicobacter pylori infection before and after the antibiotic therapy

© 2017Antibiotic therapy can lead to the disruption of gut microbiota community with possible negative outcomes for human health. One of the diseases for which the treatment scheme commonly included antibiotic intake is Helicobacter pylori infection. The changes in taxonomic and functional composition of microbiota in patients can be assessed using “shotgun” metagenomic sequencing. Ten stool samples were collected from 4 patients with Helicobacter pylori infection before and directly after the H. pylori eradication course. Additionally, for two of the subjects, the samples were collected 1 month after the end of the treatment. The samples were subject to “shotgun” (whole-genome) metagenomic sequencing using Illumina HiSeq platform. The reads are deposited in the ENA (project ID: PRJEB18265)

Search for Specific Biomarkers of IFNβ Bioactivity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Myxovirus A (MxA), a protein encoded by the MX1 gene with antiviral activity, has proven to be a sensitive measure of IFNβ bioactivity in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the use of MxA as a biomarker of IFNβ bioactivity has been criticized for the lack of evidence of its role on disease pathogenesis and the clinical response to IFNβ. Here, we aimed to identify specific biomarkers of IFNβ bioactivity in order to compare their gene expression induction by type I IFNs with the MxA, and to investigate their potential role in MS pathogenesis. Gene expression microarrays were performed in PBMC from MS patients who developed neutralizing antibodies (NAB) to IFNβ at 12 and/or 24 months of treatment and patients who remained NAB negative. Nine genes followed patterns in gene expression over time similar to the MX1, which was considered the gold standard gene, and were selected for further experiments: IFI6, IFI27, IFI44L, IFIT1, HERC5, LY6E, RSAD2, SIGLEC1, and USP18. In vitro experiments in PBMC from healthy controls revealed specific induction of selected biomarkers by IFNβ but not IFNγ, and several markers, in particular USP18 and HERC5, were shown to be significantly induced at lower IFNβ concentrations and more selective than the MX1 as biomarkers of IFNβ bioactivity. In addition, USP18 expression was deficient in MS patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0004). We propose specific biomarkers that may be considered in addition to the MxA to evaluate IFNβ bioactivity, and to further explore their implication in MS pathogenesis

НОВЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ДЛЯ ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИХ ОБРАБОТОК ПРИ ИКСОДИДОЗАХ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА В ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ДАГЕСТАН

Efficacy of 5 % emulsion of D-cyphenothrin and Insakar-maxi applied against ix-odidosis in cattle in livestock farms «Shangoda» and «Yalgin» in Karabudakhkentensk region of Dagestan and economic efficiency of the held events are studied. 100 % efficacy of 5 % emulsion of D-cyphenothrin and Insakar-maxi used against massive attack of ixodid ticks on cattle was determined. We noticed that the average daily milk production has been increased by 12,7 and 14,7 % respectively. The preventive efficacy of investigated drugs used for treatment of cattle ixodidosis was observed within 30 days. Изучена эффективность 5%-ной эмульсии D-цифенотрина и инсакарамакси при иксодидозах крупного рогатого скота в условиях животноводческих хозяйств Республики Дагестан и определена экономическая эффективность проведенных мероприятий. Установлена 100%-ная эффективность применения двух препаратов при массовом нападении иксодовых клещей на крупный рогатый скот. При применении акарицидов в хозяйствах Агрофирмы «Шангода» и на КФХ «Ялгин» Карабудахкентского района отмечено повышение среднесуточного удоя на 12,7 и 14,7 % соответственно. Профилактическая эффективность исследуемых препаратов при иксодидозах крупного рогатого скота составила 30 сут

Холера в Приазовье

The purpose of research is analysis of clinical course and treatment results of patients with cholera in the Azov area. Materials and methods. During the period from 29.05.2011 to 19.08.2011 33 cases of cholera (32 adults and 1 child) and 25 vibrio carriers (22 adults and 3 children), which were caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholera El Tor serogroup O1 Ogawa. Results. Likely factors of disease transmission in Mariupol are sea and river water, and the fish that were caught in the waters of the city. Typical and watery diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain and lack of normal body temperature, dehydration syndrome, characterized clinical cholera for adults in most cases. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 6,6 days. At 46.9% observed atypical symptoms in 10 (31,3%) – abdominal pain (1 patient cramping in 7 cases, localized in the epigastria region, at 2-over stomach). In 5 patients (15,6%) had an increase in body temperature to 37,2–37,7 degrees Celsius. In 15 (46,9%) patients had severe nausea accompanied by vomiting. Easy for cholera was observed in 1 (3.1%), moderate – in 14 (43,8%), heavy – in 17 (53,1%) patients. Dehydration I level is set at 4 (12,5%), II – from 6 (18,7%), III – in 18 (56,3%), IV – 4 (12,5%) patients. Cholera outbreak was characterized by a predominance of severe disease and severe dehydration (III and IV), which was observed in 68.8% of patients. The decisive factor in the treatment of cholera patients was initiated in a timely manner rehydration therapy, in particular the introduction of the solution «Trisol». Against the background of rehydration therapy hyperkalaemia was observed in 9,4% of cases, vascular rehydration at 9,4%, the cell rehydration in 3,1% of patients. Fatal accidents cholera outbreaks have not been observed. Conclusion. Clinical diagnosis of cholera and the provision of medical care in the prehospital phase were poor, indicating the need for systematic conducting training seminars among experts of ambulance, as well as doctors of primary medical network. Cholera hospitals (or base hospitals) must be equipped with a mobile diagnostics (ultrasound, X-rays) and modern laboratory equipment. The required list of drug supply cholera hospitals should be expanded in view of possible complications and comorbidities.Цель исследования – анализ клинического течения и результатов лечения больных холерой в Приазовье. Материалы и методы. За период с 29.05.2011 г. по 19.08.2011 г. зарегистрировано 33 случая заболевания холерой (32 взрослых и 1 ребенок) и 25 вибрионосителей (22 взрослых и 3 детей), которые были вызваны токсигенными штаммами холерного вибриона Эль-Тор серогруппы O1 Огава. Результаты. Вероятными факторами передачи заболевания в г. Мариуполе являлись морская и речная вода, а также рыба, которая была выловлена в акватории города. Клиническое течение холеры у взрослых в большинстве случаев было типичным и характеризовалось водянистой диареей, рвотой, отсутствием болей в животе, нормальной температурой тела, синдромом обезвоживания. Средняя продолжительность диареи составила 6,6 суток. У 46,9% наблюдались нетипичные симптомы: у 10 (31,3%) – боль в животе (у 1 больного схваткообразная, в 7 случаях локализовалась в эпигастральной области, у 2 – по всему животу). У 5 пациентов (15,6%) отмечено повышение температуры тела до 37,2–37,7 °С. У 15 (46,9%) пациентов рвота сопровождалась выраженной тошнотой. Легкое течение холеры отмечено у 1 (3,1%), средней тяжести – у 14 (43,8%), тяжелое – у 17 (53,1%) больных. Дегидратация I степени установлена у 4 (12,5%), II – у 6 (18,7%), III – у 18 (56,3%), IV – у 4 (12,5%) пациентов. Вспышка холеры характеризовалась преобладанием тяжелых форм болезни и выраженной дегидратацией (III и IV степени), которая отмечена у 68,8% больных. Решающим фактором в терапии больных холерой была своевременно начатая регидратационная терапия, в частности, введение раствора «Трисоль». На фоне регидратационной терапии наблюдали гиперкалиемию в 9,4% случаев, сосудистую гипергидратацию у 9,4%, клеточную гипергидратацию у 3,1% больных. Летальные случаи на вспышке холеры не наблюдались. Заключение. Клиническая диагностика холеры и оказание лечебной помощи на догоспитальном этапе были неудовлетворительными, что свидетельствует о необходимости систематического проведения учебно-зачетных семинаров среди специалистов СМП, а также врачей первичной врачебной сети. Холерные госпитали (или базовые лечебные учреждения) должны быть оснащены передвижной диагностической (УЗИ, рентген) и современной лабораторной аппаратурой. Необходимый перечень лекарственного обеспечения холерных госпиталей следует расширить с учетом возможных осложнений и сопутствующих заболеваний.